AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 2 2010 Summer Zone 1

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the breakdown of a molecule of sucrose.

(i) Name the bond indicated by T.
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(ii) State the name given to this type of reaction in which water is involved.
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(iii) State two roles of water within plant cells other than taking part in breakdown reactions.
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(b) Enzymes are globular proteins.
State what is meant by the term globular.
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(c) The reaction shown in Fig. 1.1 is catalysed by the enzyme sucrase. Fig. 1.2 shows an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

(i) Name the part of the enzyme labelled U.
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(ii) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain the mode of action of enzymes.
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(a) Calculate the actual diameter of the alveolus along the line X–Y.

Show your working and give your answer to the nearest micrometre.



Answer = ................. µm [2]

(b) (i) Describe the role of elastic fibres in the wall of the alveolus.

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(ii) With reference to Fig. 2.1, explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange.

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(c) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease that develops in many smokers. COPD refers to two conditions:

• chronic bronchitis
• emphysema.

(i) State two ways in which the lung tissue of someone with emphysema differs from the lung tissue of someone with healthy lungs.

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2. ................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) State two symptoms of emphysema.

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2. ................................................................................................................................
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(a) Fig. 3.1 shows a cross-section of the heart at the level of the valves.
[Image_1: Fig. 3.1]
(i) Complete the following flow chart to show the pathway of blood through the heart.
vena cava ➔ right atrium ➔ valve P ➔ [...........] ➔ valve S ➔ [...........] ➔ valve Q ➔ left ventricle ➔ valve R ➔ aorta ➔ left atrium ➔ [...........] ➔ lungs ➔ pulmonary artery [2]
(ii) Explain how the valves P and Q ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart.
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(b) The cardiac cycle describes the events that occur during one heart beat.
Fig. 3.2 shows the changes in blood pressure that occur within the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during one heart beat.
[Image_2: Fig. 3.2]
In the table below, match up each event during the cardiac cycle with an appropriate number 1 to 7 on Fig. 3.2.
You should put only one number in each box. You may use each number once, more than once or not at all.
The first answer has been completed for you.
[Table_1]
| event during the cardiac cycle | number |
|--------------------------------|--------|
| atrioventricular (bicuspid) valve opens | 6 |
| ventricular systole | [....] |
| semilunar (aortic) valve closes | [....] |
| left ventricle and left atrium both relaxing | [....] |
| semilunar (aortic) valve opens | [....] | [4]
(c) Explain the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN) and the Purkyne tissue during one heart beat.
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Malaria and tuberculosis (TB) are two of the most important infectious diseases.
(a) Define the term \textit{infectious disease}.
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(b) Describe how malaria is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person.
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Fig. 4.1 shows the worldwide distribution of malaria.

(c) Unlike malaria, TB is found across the whole world.
Explain why malaria shows the distribution pattern shown in Fig. 4.1, but TB is found everywhere.
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(d) Vaccinations are used to control infectious diseases. They were used as part of the programme to eradicate smallpox and as part of the continuing programmes against diseases such as polio and measles.
Smallpox was eradicated from the world in the 1970s. Polio is likely to be the next infectious disease to be eradicated. TB and malaria continue to be important diseases.
Explain how vaccination provides immunity as an important part of programmes to control and eradicate infectious diseases.
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(a) Name the stage during the mitotic cell cycle when replication of DNA occurs.
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(b) Fig. 5.1 shows details of DNA replication.

Fig. 5.1

(i) Name the bonds shown by the dashed lines on Fig. 5.1.
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(ii) Name the nitrogenous bases, M and O.
M ...........................................................................................................................
O ........................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why DNA replication is described as semi-conservative.
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(d) The enzyme that catalyses the replication of DNA checks for errors in the process and corrects them. This makes sure that the cells produced in mitosis are genetically identical.

Explain why checking for errors and correcting them is necessary.
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(a) Name the processes that occur at H, J and K.
H ..................................................................................................................
J ..................................................................................................................
K ..................................................................................................................
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(b) Suggest the advantages gained by legumes of having *Rhizobium* living in their roots.
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