AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 2 2020 Winter Zone 3

(a) Descriptions of some parts of the gas exchange system are shown in Table 1.1.

Complete Table 1.1 to:

• state the name of the part described
• write a letter from Fig. 1.1 to identify each part.



Table 1.1

| description | name of part of gas exchange system | letter from Fig. 1.1 |
|------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------|
| supported by incomplete (C-shaped) rings of cartilage | | |
| lined by ciliated epithelium and supported by blocks of cartilage | | |
| lined by squamous epithelium | | |
| lined by ciliated epithelium, but not supported by cartilage | | |

(b) Tobacco smoke contains a number of compounds which can affect the body.

State the appropriate term that matches each of the statements A to E.

A The type of chemical that causes mutation of genes that control the cell cycle.
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B A component that causes a short-term increase in blood pressure.
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C A component that reduces the carrying capacity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
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D A component that increases the production and secretion of mucus from goblet cells.
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E A component that causes a short-term increase in heart rate.
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(a) State the functions of the mesophyll cells, $B$, and sieve tube element, $C$, and explain how their structure is adapted for their function.

cell $B$ – function ...................................................................................................................
adaptation ...................................................................................................................
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cell $C$ – function ...................................................................................................................
adaptation ...................................................................................................................
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[5]

(b) The cell walls of the transfer cells, $A$, shown in Fig. 2.1, have infoldings.

Explain the advantages of these cell wall infoldings for the movement of sucrose from mesophyll cells to phloem sieve tubes.
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[3]

[Total: 8]

(a) (i) State the phases of interphase shown by A and B in Fig. 3.2.
A ...........................................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State the stage of mitosis shown by D in Fig. 3.2.
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(iii) Outline what happens in a cell in preparation for cytokinesis.
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(iv) A stem cell of a female C. elegans has 12 chromosomes.
Complete Table 3.1 to show the number of nuclei within the stem cell in stages A, B and D of the cell cycle shown in Fig. 3.2 and the number of chromosomes in each nucleus during these stages.
[Table_3.1]
[2]
(b) Young nematodes have stem cells throughout the body.
Fig. 3.3 summarises three cell cycles of one of these stem cells.
[Image_3.3]
With reference to Fig. 3.3, outline the role of stem cells in animals.
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Antibiotic sensitivity tests can be carried out to choose appropriate antibiotics to use for treatment of bacterial diseases.
A researcher carried out an antibiotic sensitivity test using two pathogenic bacteria, X and Y.
The researcher prepared two Petri dishes containing agar.
• A culture of each bacterium was spread over the surface of the agar.
• Filter paper discs containing antibiotics were placed on the surface of the agar in each dish.
• The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C for two days.
The results of the test using three antibiotics, P, Q and R, are shown in Fig. 4.1.
[Image_1: Diagram of Petri dishes with antibiotics P, Q, R]

(a) (i) State the most effective antibiotic to treat infections of bacterium X and bacterium Y.
bacterium X ..................................................................................
bacterium Y ..................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Suggest why bacterium Y had a different sensitivity to each of the three antibiotics.
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[2]

(b) Explain how the use of vaccines in the control of infectious diseases differs from the use of antibiotics.
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[3]

(a) (i) Complete Fig. 5.1B to show the molecule of glycine added to the end of the polypeptide. [2]

(a) (ii) State the type of reaction that occurs when glycine is added to the end of the polypeptide. [1]

(a) (iii) Explain the importance of glycine in a collagen molecule. [2]

(b) Collagen is a fibrous protein.
Explain how the structure of collagen is related to its functions within the mammalian body. [4]

(c) The enzyme collagenase catalyses the breakdown of collagen molecules. This enzyme acts by using an induced fit mechanism.
Describe the mode of action of collagenase. [5]

(d) Students investigated the effect of pH on the activity of collagenase extracted from the bacterium Bacillus licheniformis at 50 °C.
The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.
With reference to Fig. 5.2, describe and explain the effect of pH on the activity of collagenase. [4]

(a) Fig. 6.1 shows Vorticella, which is a single-celled organism that lives in freshwater. Vorticella has many cilia which it uses for feeding.

Fig. 6.1
The distance shown by $X-Y$ on Fig. 6.1 is $150\: \mu m$.
Calculate the magnification of Fig. 6.1.
State the formula that you will use and show your working.
Write your answer to the nearest whole number.

formula
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(b) The food particles are taken into the gullet by a current of water created by movement of cilia.
Any particles suspended in the water, such as bacteria, are taken into the cell as shown in Fig. 6.2.

Fig. 6.2
(i) State the name of the process which takes the bacteria into the cell at $Z$ and describe the way in which it occurs.
name ........................................................
description ........................................................
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(ii) Describe the role of lysosomes in intracellular digestion in Vorticella.
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[Total: 9]