AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 4 2019 Summer Zone 1

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows part of a cell in a growing region of a plant.

Fig. 1.1
(i) State the type of protein represented by A.
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(ii) Proteins B, C and D are transport proteins.
Identify proteins B, C and D.
B ..............................................................................................................
C ..............................................................................................................
D .............................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Describe the effects on the cell wall of many hydrogen ions moving into the cell wall.
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(c) Explain the consequences of an influx of potassium ions into the cell.
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The interpupillary distance (IPD) is the distance in millimetres between the centres of the pupils of the eyes. Fig. 2.1 shows how IPD is measured.

IPD is one example of a characteristic of human facial structure that shows variation.
Fig. 2.2 shows the pattern of variation in IPD in a large sample of adults.

(a) (i) Name the type of variation shown in Fig. 2.2.
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(ii) Suggest and explain how genes and the environment contribute to variation in IPD in humans.
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(b) Individuals with an IPD of 70 mm or more have a mutation in the PAX3 gene that results in less PAX3 protein being made.
The normal role of the PAX3 protein is to increase the expression of many other genes involved in embryonic development. These genes affect a range of phenotypic features such as facial structure, hearing and eye colour.
(i) State the term that is used to describe a gene, such as PAX3, that controls the expression of other genes and suggest how the PAX3 protein controls the expression of other genes.
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(ii) Describe how microarray analysis could be used to identify the genes switched on by PAX3 in embryonic cells.
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(iii) The chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, has DNA that is 98.5% similar to humans, including possession of the PAX3 gene. Investigations show that chimpanzees express higher levels of the PAX3 protein during embryonic development than humans.
Fig. 2.3 shows a chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes.

Suggest how knowledge of the PAX3 gene helps scientists explain how humans and chimpanzees are very different in facial structure, even though they have very similar DNA.
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Some neurones in the brain produce a neurotransmitter known as dopamine. Parkinson’s disease occurs when the neurones that produce dopamine die. A person with the disease may experience difficulty in coordinating movement, often seen as tremors (shaking) in different parts of the body.
Parkinson’s disease typically occurs in people older than 55 years. Younger people with these symptoms are said to have early onset Parkinson’s disease (EOPD).
Recessive mutations in a gene known as PINK1, located on chromosome 1, an autosome, are believed to be one cause of EOPD. A person with this form of EOPD has a homozygous recessive genotype.
(a) Draw a genetic diagram of a cross between two individuals who are heterozygous at the PINK1 gene locus.

key to symbols used for alleles
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parental genotypes

gametes

offspring genotypes

ratio of offspring phenotypes

(b) PINK1 codes for a protein kinase enzyme that is important in the functioning of mitochondria in neurones.

Most recessive PINK1 mutations are base substitutions which lead to the production of a non-functioning protein kinase enzyme.

Explain how a base substitution mutation can lead to the production of a non-functioning protein kinase.
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(c) One rare, dominant mutation of the PINK1 gene codes for a product that inhibits the normal protein kinase.

Explain how this mutation causes EOPD in a heterozygote.
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(a) The link reaction and Krebs cycle take place in the mitochondrion. The main stages of the link reaction and Krebs cycle are listed in Table 4.1. They are \textit{not} listed in the correct order.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
\textbf{stage} & \textbf{description of stage} \\ \hline
A & acetyl group combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA \\ \hline
B & citrate is formed \\ \hline
C & hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD and FAD \\ \hline
D & oxaloacetate is regenerated \\ \hline
E & pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix \\ \hline
F & acetyl group is formed \\ \hline
G & acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle \\ \hline
H & ATP is made by substrate-linked phosphorylation \\ \hline
I & pyruvate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated \\ \hline
J & acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate \\ \hline
K & citrate is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Table 4.1}
\end{table}

Complete Table 4.2 to show the correct order of the stages. Three of the stages have been done for you.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|l|}
\hline
\textbf{correct order} & \textbf{letter of stage} \\ \hline
1 & E \\ \hline
2 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
3 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
4 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
5 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
6 & J \\ \hline
7 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
8 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
9 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
10 & \text{.........} \\ \hline
11 & D \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Table 4.2}
\end{table}

(b) Outline the role of NAD in respiration in aerobic conditions.
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(c) Carbon dioxide is removed from compounds in the link reaction and Krebs cycle by decarboxylation.

(i) State the total number of molecules of carbon dioxide removed in the link reaction and Krebs cycle for each molecule of glucose respired.
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(ii) In a mammal, carbon dioxide diffuses from cells into the blood to be transported to the lungs. Suggest why carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mainly as hydrogen carbonate ions and not as carbonic acid.
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(a) (i) Predict the effect of natural selection on mean hind limb length of A. sagrei on the seven experimental founder islands. ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) Predict how collecting individuals at random for the seven founding pairs affects the mean hind limb length of A. sagrei on the different islands. ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Many generations of A. sagrei were produced over the four years after the introduction of the founding pairs. Fig. 5.3 shows how the mean hind limb length of A. sagrei changed on the seven experimental islands and on the source island. With reference to Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3, describe and suggest explanations for the results for the islands. ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ [5]

(c) In the investigation, one population of A. sagrei was established on each experimental founder island. Outline how speciation may occur on the seven experimental founder islands. ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ [3]

(d) Speciation is one possible outcome for the experimental founder populations, but there is also a high risk that they may become extinct. Explain why the experimental founder populations are at high risk of extinction. ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................ [3]

Maize, *Zea mays*, is an important food crop for human consumption and for feeding to animals.

Two varieties of maize are MON810 and Justina. Justina has been developed in the traditional way by selective breeding (*artificial selection*) and MON810 is an example of a genetically modified (GM) organism.

(a) MON810 produces a chemical that is toxic to insect pests. It is described as insect-resistant.

Outline how genetic engineering gave MON810 the trait of insect resistance.
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(b) Countries vary in the extent to which they grow GM varieties such as MON810, instead of traditional varieties such as Justina.

• In the USA, 88\% of the total maize that is grown is GM.
• In most European countries, 0\% of the maize that is grown is GM.

Scientists used computer models to predict the effect of two different changes in agricultural practice on maize crop yields:

• a global ban that reduces the cultivation of GM maize to 0\% everywhere
• all countries increasing the cultivation of GM maize to the 88\% level of the USA.

Table 6.1 shows the results of this modelling for four countries.

[Table_1]

Explain what the data in Table 6.1 suggests about the social and ethical implications of growing GM maize.
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(a) Some people have a condition called diabetes. In type 1 diabetes the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.

Fig. 7.1 shows the blood glucose concentrations of a type 1 diabetic person and a non-diabetic person, at regular intervals after drinking a glucose drink.



(i) Describe the results shown in Fig. 7.1.

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(ii) Name the location of the receptors in a non-diabetic person that detect a change in blood glucose concentration.

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(iii) Name the homeostatic mechanism by which blood glucose concentration is maintained.

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(b) The urine of a non-diabetic person does not contain glucose. A person with type 1 diabetes will excrete glucose in urine.

A reading of the concentration of glucose in the urine can be estimated using a dipstick.

Fig. 7.2 outlines how a dipstick works.



The higher the concentration of glucose in the urine, the darker the colour on the dipstick.

(i) Name enzymes A and B.

A ..................................................................................................................................................................................

B ..................................................................................................................................................................................

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(ii) An electronic biosensor can be used to measure the glucose concentration in a drop of blood.

Suggest one advantage of using a biosensor and one advantage of using a dipstick to measure glucose concentration.

biosensor ..................................................................................................................................................................................
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dipstick ..................................................................................................................................................................................
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(c) Describe the role played by insulin in the control of blood glucose concentration.

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Table 8.1 shows the total number of plant species, the total number of insect species and the number of habitats in three areas, A, B and C.

[Table_8.1]

(a) Identify the area with the highest biodiversity.
Give reasons for your choice of area.

area ................

reasons .....................................................................................................................................
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(b) Identify the area that is likely to be affected the most if the environment changes.
Give a reason for your choice of area.

area ................

reason .........................................................................................................................................
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(c) State one reason why it is important to conserve biodiversity in all three areas.
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(a) Explain what is meant by the term limiting factor and explain how knowledge of limiting factors is used to increase crop yields in glasshouses. [7]
(b) Describe the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis. [8]

(a) Explain how a cholinergic synapse functions. [7]
(b) Describe how you would carry out an investigation into the effect of wavelength of light on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant, using a redox indicator such as DCPIP. [8]