Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2011 Summer Zone 1

(a) Label the structures shown in Fig. 1.1.
Write the labels in the boxes in Fig. 1.1.

(b) Suggest the role of the muscle tissue shown in the villus in Fig. 1.1. [2]

(c) State and explain the process responsible for the decrease in the glucose concentration in the bag made from small intestine. [2]

(d) After two hours there was less water in the bag made from small intestine.
The volume of water in the bag made from small intestine decreased, but the volume in the bag made from Visking tubing did not change. Explain why. [3]

(e)(i) Name the part of the alimentary canal that secretes most water in a digestive juice. [1] [Table_1]

(e)(ii) Name the part of the alimentary canal that absorbs most water. [1] [Table_1]

(e)(iii) Explain why water is added to food by the secretions shown in Table 1.1. [3] [Table_1]

(e)(iv) Explain why it is important that water is absorbed in the alimentary canal. [2] [Table_1]

Fig. 2.1 shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

(a) Name the processes A and B shown in Fig. 2.1.
A ............................................................................................................................................................
B ............................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows that legumes have root nodules.
Explain why these root nodules are important in the nitrogen cycle.
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(c) Proteins and DNA are important nitrogen-containing compounds in cells.
Describe the roles of proteins and DNA in cells.
proteins ...........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
DNA ..............................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Many inorganic fertilisers contain compounds of nitrogen. If crop plants do not absorb the fertilisers they can be lost from the soil and pollute freshwater ecosystems, such as lakes and rivers.
Describe how fertilisers may affect freshwater ecosystems.
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... [4]

Fig. 3.1 shows a fetus in the uterus immediately before birth.
[Image_1: A fetus in the uterus labeled with amniotic fluid, amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord, A, B.]

(a) Describe the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid. [4]

(b) List three functions of the placenta.
1. ..................................................................................
2. ..................................................................................
3. .................................................................................. [3]

(c) State what happens to structures A and B during birth. [2]

(d) Discuss the advantages and possible disadvantages of breast-feeding. [4]

A healthy kidney controls the excretion of urea and other waste products of metabolism from the blood.
After kidney failure there are two possible treatments: dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Fig. 4.1 shows how blood and dialysis fluid move through a dialysis machine.

Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe the changes that occur to the blood as it flows through the dialysis machine from A to B.
[2]
(b) Discuss the advantages of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.
[3]
(c) Two brothers have to make a difficult decision.
One brother, with blood group AB, has kidney failure and is on dialysis.
The healthy brother has agreed to donate one of his kidneys to his brother. He has to have a blood test.
Their father has blood group A and their mother has blood group B.
The brothers have a sister who has blood group O.
(i) Explain how this girl has blood group O when her parents have different blood groups. You must use the space below for a genetic diagram to help your answer.
Use the symbols $I^A$, $I^B$ and $I^O$ to represent the alleles involved in the inheritance of blood groups.

parental phenotypes: blood group A $\times$ blood group B
parental genotypes: .................. $\times$ ..................
gametes: .................. .................. + .................. ..................
girl's genotype: ..................
girl's phenotype: ..................
[4]
(ii) The healthy brother can only donate the kidney to his brother if they both have the same blood group.
What is the probability that the healthy brother also has blood group AB?
[1]

(a) Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis using symbols. ....................................................................................................................................................................... [3]
Plants that live in water are called hydrophytes.
Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a leaf of the hydrophyte, Nuphar lutea. The leaves of N. lutea float on the surface of water. [Image_1: Fig. 5.1]
(b) Complete Table 5.1 by describing the function of each feature.
The function for feature A has already been completed.
[Table_1: Table 5.1]
feature | function
A | transparent to allow light to penetrate into the leaf
B | ..........................................................................
C | ..........................................................................
D | .......................................................................... [3]
(c) State and explain one way in which the leaves of N. lutea are adapted to their environment. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) A student investigated how magnesium affects the growth of duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza.
He prepared dishes each containing 30 plants of S. polyrhiza. Each dish contained a growth medium with different concentrations of a magnesium salt.
Fig. 5.2 shows one of the dishes. [Image_2: Fig. 5.2]
After 33 days, the student counted the number of plants in each dish and recorded their appearance. The results are shown in Table 5.2.
[Table_2: Table 5.2]
concentration of
magnesium salt / mg dm^-3 | number of plants after 33 days | appearance of leaves after 33 days
0.05 | 27 | yellow with some green patches
0.10 | 64 | green with yellow spots
0.15 | 92 | green with yellow spots
0.20 | 105 | green
0.25 | 109 | green
(i) Describe the effects of decreasing the concentration of magnesium salt on the growth of S. polyrhiza. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Explain how magnesium deficiency affects the growth and appearance of this plant. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ [3]

Fig. 6.1 shows three different insects.

(a) Insects 1 and 2 are more closely related to each other than to insect 3.
(i) Explain how the binomial names indicate that insects 1 and 2 are more closely related.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how the appearance of the three insects suggests that insects 1 and 2 are more closely related.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Chrysotoxum cautum is very similar in appearance to Vespula flavopilosa. Explain how this is an advantage.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... [2]

(c) It is thought that Chrysotoxum cautum evolved from an insect that did not have any stripes.
Suggest how these insects became striped.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................... [5]