Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2012 Summer Zone 3

(a) State two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that show that Goliathus giganteus is an arthropod.
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(b) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species, B to H, in the correct box in the key. One, A, has been done for you.

[Table displaying key with the following sections:]
1 (a) Wings present   go to 2
(b) Wings absent   go to 7
2 (a) Back legs adapted for jumping   Schistocerca gregaria   A
(b) Back legs not adapted for jumping   go to 3
3 (a) Two pairs of wings   go to 4
(b) One pair of wings   Drosophila melanogaster   ..........
4 (a) Wings with hairs   go to 5
(b) Wings with no hairs   go to 6
5 (a) Hairs on back wings longer than width of back wing   Ephestia cautella   ..........
(b) Hairs on back wings shorter than width of back wing   Batrachedra amydraula   ..........
6 (a) Thorax with spots   Rhynchophorus ferrugineus   ..........
(b) Thorax with no spots   Oryctes agamemnon   ..........
7 (a) Three pairs of legs   Microcerotermes diversus   ..........
(b) Four pairs of legs   Oligonychus afrasiaticus   .......... [4]

(c) Outline the damage to the environment that may be done by spraying pesticides.
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(d) Explain why one field was not sprayed.
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(e) (i) Describe the effects of the two sprays on the populations of grasshoppers. You will gain credit if you use data from Fig. 1.3 to support your answer.
pesticide
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fungal spores
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(e) (ii) Explain the differences between the effects of the pesticide and the fungal spores on the grasshoppers, as shown in Fig. 1.3.
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The light sensitive cells in the eye are known as rods and cones.
Fig. 2.1 shows drawings of a rod cell and a cone cell.

(a) Name the structures labelled A to C.
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(b) (i) Name the tissue in the eye where rods and cones are found.
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(ii) Name the parts of this tissue where there are
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(c) Describe how rods and cones function.
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Many growers of crops in glasshouses use carbon dioxide enrichment to improve yields.

(a) Explain the advantages of carbon dioxide enrichment of glasshouses.
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(b) Suggest why it may not be cost effective to maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in glasshouse E compared to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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(c) (i) Concentrations of carbon dioxide in all three glasshouses in Fig. 3.1 increased at night. State why this happened.
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(ii) Explain why it is important to ventilate glasshouses by opening the windows.
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(a) A person eats a meal containing protein and carbohydrate.
Complete Table 4.1 to show the blood vessel that has the highest concentration of glucose, oxygen and urea as this meal is absorbed.
Use the letter, P, Q or R to identify each blood vessel.

Table 4.1

| substance transported by blood | letter of blood vessel in Fig. 4.1 | |--------------------------------|----------------------------------| | glucose | ........ | | oxygen | ........ | | urea | ........ |

Write the letters for the blood vessels with the highest concentration of each substance in the spaces on Table 4.1. [3]

(b) Amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine and transported to the liver.
Describe how the liver is involved in the metabolism of amino acids.
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(c) Describe the effects on the liver of the following.
(i) insulin released from the pancreas
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(ii) adrenaline released from the adrenal glands
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(iii) excessive long-term consumption of alcohol
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(d) Cholesterol can accumulate in the gall bladder to form gall stones. These gall stones may stop bile flowing from the liver through the bile duct and into the duodenum.
Explain the possible effect of gall stones on the digestion of fat.
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The egg cell is the female gamete. Fig. 5.1 shows an ovum at the time of ovulation. The ovum is surrounded by a 'jelly coat' and many follicle cells.

(a) Calculate the magnification of the egg cell as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number.
answer = ......................... [2]
(b) State three ways in which the structure of an egg cell, as shown in Fig. 5.1, differs from the structure of a sperm cell.
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(c) Meiosis is involved in the production of male and female gametes.
Explain why it is important that meiosis occurs during the production of gametes.
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(d) Suggest one reason why a man may be infertile and one reason why a woman may be infertile.
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One way to treat infertility in a woman is to use artificial insemination (AI) using her partner's sperm.
The stages involved in AI are as follows.
1. If the doctor decides that AI is suitable, the woman will be given a course of a fertility drug at an appropriate stage of her menstrual cycle.
2. After two weeks, ultrasound is used to find out when the woman is likely to ovulate.
3. Sperm are collected from the man.
4. The sperm are placed into the uterus of the woman near the time of ovulation.
5. The woman is given an injection of a hormone to encourage the corpus luteum in the ovary to secrete progesterone.
(e) Explain why the sperm must be placed in the uterus near the time of ovulation.
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(f) Explain why it is important that progesterone is secreted after ovulation.
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(g) The success rate of AI is about 16%.
Suggest how the success rate of AI is calculated.
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(a) Explain why it is important to recycle paper rather than burn it.
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When paper is recycled printing ink has to be removed.

Printing ink contains lipid-based compounds. The ink is removed by making the paper into a pulp and mixing it with lipase for several hours.

Scientists in India discovered that the marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, produces lipase. They carried out an investigation to find out whether using V. alginolyticus to remove ink from paper pulp was as effective as mixing it with a solution of lipase.

(b) The bacteria were found to be more effective at removing the ink from the paper pulp than using the solution of lipase.

Suggest why.
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(c) The scientists also investigated the effect of temperature on the ability of the bacteria to remove ink from paper pulp. They found that bacteria kept at high temperatures did not remove ink from the paper pulp.

Explain why.
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