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(a) Complete Table 1.1 to show differences between these two groups.
Table 1.1
| monocotyledons | eudicotyledons | |
|---|---|---|
| number of cotyledons in seed | ||
| pattern of veins in leaf | ||
| number of flower parts e.g. petals |
(b) State two environmental stimuli that flowering plants can detect.
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(c) Fig. 1.1 shows a cross section of part of a eudicotyledonous (dicotyledonous) plant as seen through a microscope.
Fig. 1.1
(i) Name the part of a plant through which the section has been cut.
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(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw a line to label the phloem tissue and a line to label the xylem tissue.
Label the phloem and xylem tissues. [2]
(iii) Describe two functions of xylem tissue.
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2 ............................................................................................................................... [2]
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536
501
State and explain two ways in which the use of agricultural machinery and fertilisers have helped to increase food production.
agricultural machinery
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fertilisers
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555
508
(a) (i) State how a human zygote is formed.
(a) (ii) Outline the early development of a human zygote before it becomes a fetus.
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows the tissues of the mother and fetus in the placenta of humans.
The diagram shows that the blood systems of the mother and the fetus are separate.
(i) Suggest one reason why the two blood systems should be kept separate.
(b) (ii) The placenta is often described as "a small intestine, a lung and a kidney".
Explain how the placenta functions like each of these organs.
small intestine ..........................................................
lung ..........................................................
kidney ..........................................................
(c) Describe two ways in which a pregnant mother could help the healthy development of her fetus.
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2 ..........................................................
501
534
559
(a) Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant gas produced when some types of fossil fuel are burnt. Describe three undesirable effects of sulfur dioxide pollution.
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(b) Sulfur dioxide in the air can affect a type of organism called a lichen.
Fig. 4.1 shows the numbers of three types of lichen, K, L and M, growing near to an industrial site that releases sulfur dioxide.
[Image_1: Graph showing number of each lichen per 20 m\(^2\) vs distance from industrial site]
(i) State which type of lichen grows closest to the industrial site.
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(ii) State which types of lichen you would expect to find growing 5 km from the industrial site.
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(iii) Explain which type of lichen is most affected by the sulfur dioxide.
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(iv) Calculate how many lichen plants you would expect to find in a 20 m\(^2\) area at 10 km from the industrial site.
Show your working.
................................................................................................................... lichen plants [2]
571
516
515
(a) An investigation was carried out by a student on the effect of temperature on the digestion of fat by an enzyme.
(i) Name an enzyme that digests fats.
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(ii) One product of fat digestion is fatty acids.
Name the other product.
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Six test-tubes containing the same volume of olive oil and the enzyme solution were set up.
One drop of an indicator was added to each test-tube.
The six test-tubes were labelled and placed in separate water baths at different temperatures.
The indicator was blue at the start and changed to yellow when the pH fell to pH 5 or below.
The time for the contents of each test-tube to turn yellow was recorded.
(iii) Suggest why the pH of the mixture would fall as digestion takes place.
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(b) Table 5.1 shows the results of this investigation.
Table 5.1
\[\begin{array}{|c|c|} \hline \text{temperature / °C} & \text{time to turn yellow / hours} \\ \hline 5 & 23 \\ \hline 15 & 14 \\ \hline 25 & 8 \\ \hline 35 & 5 \\ \hline 45 & 15 \\ \hline 55 & 29 \\ \hline \end{array}\]
(i) Plot the results on Fig. 5.1.
[3]
(ii) State the temperature at which the reaction was fastest (optimum temperature).
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(c) Another student repeated the investigation.
This student added bile to each test-tube, as well as the enzyme.
(i) Explain the function of bile in the digestion of fat.
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(ii) Predict the results of the second investigation.
Include in your answer a reference to rate of reaction and optimum temperature.
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535
597
564
Complete the sentences about respiration by writing the most appropriate word(s) in each space.
Respiration in living cells is a series of chemical reactions that release energy. These chemical reactions are speeded up by ................................................... .
If a yeast cell does not have enough oxygen it may carry out ................................................... respiration. In this process ................................................... and carbon dioxide are formed. This type of respiration in yeast is used by humans in ...................................................
In humans, when muscle cells do not have enough oxygen during exercise, ................................................... is broken down into ...................................................
530
502
535
(a) Animals such as birds and mammals can help in the dispersal of fruits and seeds.
(i) Seeds develop from ovules. Name the structure from which fruits develop.
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(ii) State three features of fruits that would help their dispersal by animals.
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(iii) Name one other mechanism of fruit or seed dispersal.
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(b) Describe one way in which insects can help in the life cycle of a flowering plant.
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575
506
574
Fig. 8.1 shows the energy flow through a food chain.
(a) On Fig. 8.1, write carnivore, herbivore or producer at the correct trophic level. [3]
(b) (i) Use Fig. 8.1 to calculate the quantity of energy trapped by organism A.
.................................................. kJ [1]
(ii) Name the process by which organism A traps energy.
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(iii) State two ways by which energy is lost at each trophic level.
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511
563
528
Fig. 9.1 shows changes in the relative concentrations of four substances in the blood plasma. These changes happen when the blood flows through the renal artery, the capillaries in the kidney and the renal vein.
!(attachment://image1.png)
(a) Explain the difference in the concentration of urea in the renal vein and in the renal artery.
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(b) Explain the differences in the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide shown in Fig. 9.1.
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(c) Describe and explain the changes in glucose concentration shown in Fig. 9.1.
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528
584
550
