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(a) Choose from the list of compounds below to answer the following questions.
ammonia
ammonium chloride
calcium carbonate
calcium oxide
copper(II) sulfate
ethane
iron(II) chloride
methane
water
Each compound can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which compound:
(i) is an alkaline gas, ................................................................. [1]
(ii) is a gas contributing to climate change, .................................. [1]
(iii) is a salt containing only non-metals, ....................................... [1]
(iv) turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink, .................................... [1]
(v) reacts with an acid to release carbon dioxide, ........................... [1]
(vi) gives a light blue precipitate when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of its aqueous ions? ................................................................. [1]
(b) What is the meaning of the term compound?
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[1]
(c) Complete the following symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane in oxygen.
$CH_4 + .......O_2 \rightarrow ............... + 2H_2O$
[2]
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(a) The table describes the reactivity of some metals with hydrochloric acid.
[Table:
metal observations
calcium Many bubbles produced. Reaction mixture may boil.
magnesium Steady stream of bubbles produced. Reaction mixture gets hot.
sodium Many bubbles produced. May explode.
zinc Slow stream of bubbles produced. Reaction mixture rises slightly in temperature.]
Put these metals in order of their reactivity.
least reactive ___________________________ most reactive
(b) Complete the word equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid \( \rightarrow \) ___________________ + ___________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(c) When magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, magnesium atoms lose electrons. What type of magnesium particle is formed? Put a ring around the correct answer.
covalent ion molecule proton
(d) Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a sodium atom.
[Image: Sodium atom diagram]
(e) A student added large lumps of zinc to 20 cm\(^3\) of 2 mol/dm\(^3\) hydrochloric acid. She carried out the reaction at 15\(^{\circ}\)C. She measured the volume of gas given off at various time intervals.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus she could use for this experiment.
(ii) Describe three different things she could do to increase the rate of this reaction.
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
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The diagram below shows the apparatus which can be used to obtain pure water from sea-water.
(a) State the name of this process.
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Label the boxes on the diagram above with the correct names of the pieces of apparatus shown. [3]
(c) Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
boils condenses cools freezes
higher lower melts
Water has a ....................... boiling point than salt. When a solution of salt is heated strongly, the water .......................... and escapes as steam. When the steam cools, it .......................... back to liquid water. [3]
(d) The table shows the concentration of the seven most abundant compounds in sea-water.
[Table_1]
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}\hline\text{compound} & \text{ions present} & \text{concentration in g/m}^3 \\ \hline\text{calcium carbonate} & \text{Ca}^{2+} \text{ and CO}_3^{2-} & 100 \\ \hline\text{calcium sulfate} & \text{Ca}^{2+} \text{ and SO}_4^{2-} & 1800 \\ \hline\text{magnesium chloride} & \text{Mg}^{2+} \text{ and Cl}^- & 6800 \\ \hline\text{magnesium sulfate} & & 5700 \\ \hline\text{potassium bromide} & \text{K}^+ \text{ and Br}^- & 100 \\ \hline\text{potassium chloride} & \text{K}^+ \text{ and Cl}^- & 800 \\ \hline\text{sodium chloride} & \text{Na}^+ \text{ and Cl}^- & 28000 \\ \hline\end{tabular}
(i) Which negative ion is present in the greatest concentration in sea-water?
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which positive ion is present in the lowest concentration in sea-water?
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write the formulae of the two ions present in magnesium sulfate.
........................................................................................................................... [2]
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(a) Match the compounds on the left with the statements on the right. The first one has been done for you.
(b) Methane and ethene are hydrocarbons.
(i) What is meant by the term \textit{hydrocarbon}?
................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The structure of ethene is shown below.
Use this structure to explain why ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Molecules of ethene react together at high temperature and pressure to form poly(ethene).
Which \textit{one} of the following words best describes the molecules of ethene in this reaction? Put a ring around the correct answer.
acids\hspace{10mm} alkanes\hspace{10mm} monomers\hspace{10mm} polymers [1]
(d) Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol.
(i) What is meant by the term \textit{oxidation}?
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Ethanol can be made by fermentation.
Complete the word equation for fermentation.
\begin{align*} \text{yeast} & \\ \, & \hspace{8mm} \rightarrow \hspace{8mm} \hspace{8mm} + \text{ethanol} \\ \, & \\\end{align*} [2]
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(a) Explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys. In your answer, write about
• the structure of an alloy,
• why alloys are often more useful than pure metals.
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(b) Iron is a transition element.
(i) Which two of the following statements about iron are correct? Tick two boxes.
A freshly-cut surface of iron is green in colour. [ ]
Iron exists in only one oxidation state in its compounds. [ ]
Iron has a high density. [ ]
Iron has a giant covalent structure. [ ]
Iron has a high melting point. [ ] [2]
(ii) Describe extbf{one} method of rust prevention and explain how it works.
method ................................................................................................................................................................
how this works ..................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber process for making ammonia.
(i) What does the term extit{catalyst} mean?
............................................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Describe a test for ammonia.
test ................................................................................................................................................................
result .............................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers. Explain why farmers need to add fertilisers to the soil.
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(a) Garlic is a vegetable that is often used in cooking. It has a strong smell. A student is cutting up garlic in the kitchen.
After a time, the smell of the garlic travels all over the house even though there are no currents of air. Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the smell of garlic travels all over the house.
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(b) The smell of garlic is due to a compound containing sulfur. The structure of this compound (compound A) is shown below.
CH$_2$=CH—CH$_2$—S—S—CH$_2$—CH=CH$_2$
compound A
(i) Write the molecular formula for this compound.
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Another organic sulfur compound (compound B) is shown below.
By comparing the formulae of compound A and compound B, how can you tell that compound A has the higher relative molecular mass? You are not required to do any mathematical calculations.
....................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) An isotope of sulfur has a nucleon number of 34 and an atomic number of 16.
(i) How many neutrons are there in one atom of this isotope of sulfur?
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is meant by the terms
isotope, ................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................... [1]
nucleon number? .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Some fuels contain sulfur as a contaminating substance.
Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
coal dioxide hydrogen monoxide nitrogen oxidised reduced water
Fuels such as ............................... contain sulfur.
When these fuels burn, the sulfur is ............................... to sulfur ............................... .
This reacts with ............................... in the atmosphere to form an acidic solution. [4]
(iv) Describe and explain the effect of acid rain on buildings made of limestone.
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The diagram shows a kiln for making lime (calcium oxide) from limestone (calcium carbonate).
(a) (i) Which letter on the diagram above shows
where the limestone is added, ..........................................................
where the waste gases exit from the kiln? .......................................... [2]
(ii) Complete the symbol equation for the decomposition of limestone.
CaCO3 → CaO + ............ [1]
(iii) When 50 g of calcium carbonate is decomposed, 28 g of calcium oxide is formed. Calculate the minimum mass of calcium carbonate needed to produce 8.4 g of calcium oxide. [1]
(b) The table below shows the temperatures at which some Group II carbonates decompose.
[Table_1]
Group II carbonate | temperature at which Group II carbonates decompose / °C
beryllium carbonate | 100
magnesium carbonate | 350
calcium carbonate | 900
(i) Describe the pattern in the ease of decomposition of Group II carbonates. [1]
(ii) Predict the decomposition temperature of barium carbonate.
...................... °C [1]
(c) Lime is calcium oxide.
(i) State one use of lime.
................................................................................ [1]
(ii) What type of oxide is calcium oxide?
................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium oxide. Use your Periodic Table to help you.
[1]
(d) Calcium is extracted from its compounds by electrolysis. Suggest why calcium is extracted by electrolysis rather than by reduction with carbon.
................................................................................ [1]
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