AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 1 2022 Summer Zone 2

The photomicrograph shows a bronchiole and alveoli.

The magnification of the image is ×360. What is the maximum diameter of the bronchiole lumen?

A specimen is observed twice with a microscope, firstly using green light with a wavelength of 510 nm and then using red light with a wavelength of 650 nm.
What happens to the magnification and resolution when using red light compared to green light?

[Table_1]

Four students were asked to match the function with the appearance of some cell structures in an animal cell. The functions were listed by number.
1. produces the mitotic spindle during cell division
2. synthesis of polypeptides
3. synthesis of lipids

The appearances were listed by letter.
V membranes which surround an enclosed inner cavity
W non-membrane-bound, spherical structures
X a double membrane interspersed with pores
Y non-membrane-bound, cylindrical structures
Z membrane-bound sacs, arranged as a flattened stack

Which student correctly matched the numbered functions with the appearance of the cell structure?

What is found in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Which feature is correct for all known viruses?

Four extracts from different plant materials were made and tested with Benedict’s solution.
The extracts were boiled with Benedict’s solution for 240 seconds and the final colour was recorded.
[Table_1]
Which sequence of plant extracts represents an increasing quantity of reducing sugar?

Which have properties that are dependent on hydrogen bonds?
1. cellulose
2. a molecule of haemoglobin
3. water

Which statement is correct?

The diagram shows two amino acids. Some of the hydrogen atoms are numbered 1 to 6.
Which two numbered hydrogen atoms could contribute to the production of a molecule of water when a peptide bond forms between these two amino acids?

A student wrote four statements about water.
1. Water has a high specific heat capacity which maintains the temperature of water within cells.
2. Mammals rely on water having a relatively low latent heat of vaporisation to keep them cool.
3. When a negatively charged ion is added to water, the δ⁺ charge on the hydrogen atom is attracted to the ion.
4. When surrounded by water, non-polar molecules tend to be pushed apart from one another.
Which statements are correct?
[Table_1]

Typical enzymes are large globular proteins with a specific tertiary shape.
Which molecular interactions are directly involved in maintaining the tertiary shape?
1. hydrogen bonding
2. disulfide bridges
3. hydrophobic interactions

Which statement about the Michaelis–Menten constant ($K_m$) is correct for an enzyme with a low affinity for its substrate?

Long chain, saturated fatty acids change from solid to liquid at higher temperatures compared with short chain, unsaturated fatty acids.
Which fatty acids would be more likely to form triglycerides in mammals that live in cold climates?

When animal cells are cultured, salt solution is added to keep the cells alive. What is the purpose of the salt solution?

The following are all processes that allow movement into cells.

1. phagocytosis
2. active transport
3. facilitated diffusion

Which processes require ATP?

Which features are required to allow for efficient diffusion?
1 a large surface area
2 a short diffusion pathway
3 maintenance of a constant diffusion gradient

What is a role of mitosis?

Telomeres prevent the loss of genes from the ends of chromosomes during DNA replication, but they become shorter each time they are copied. In cancer cells and stem cells, the telomeres remain the same length.Which statement is correct for all human cells?

The nucleus of a mouse body cell in $G_1$ phase of the cell cycle has $1.2 \times 10^{-12}$ g of DNA.
What will be the mass of DNA in the nucleus of the cell at the end of S phase and at the end of $G_2$ phase of the cell cycle?
[Table_1]

What occurs during prophase in animal cells?
1. fragmentation of the nuclear envelope
2. nucleolus disappears
3. stained chromosomes become visible
4. centrioles replicate

Which statement describes the structure of ATP?

Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. It works by inhibiting RNA polymerase in bacteria. Which processes are directly inhibited by this antibiotic?
1. DNA replication
2. enzyme synthesis
3. ATP synthesis

The table shows the DNA triplet codes for some amino acids.
[Table_1]
The base sequence on the template DNA strand coding for part of a polypeptide is shown.
CCA ACG GCG TTA TTC GCA
Two mutations occur in this sequence during DNA replication.
Which mutated template DNA strand would result in a shorter polypeptide?

Some of the features present in transport tissues are listed.
1 lignified walls
2 cytoplasm
3 mitochondria
4 pits
5 plasmodesmata
Which features are present in xylem vessel elements?

The diagrams show transverse sections through parts of plants.

Which row is correct?
[Table_1]

Which molecules form hydrogen bonds with water during transpiration?
1. cellulose in the xylem wall
2. suberin in the xylem wall
3. other water molecules in the xylem

Some plant species can take up heavy metal contaminants that are dissolved in soil water and then transport them within the plant. Within plant cells, the heavy metals accumulate mainly in the vacuole.
Which suggestions about the transport and accumulation of heavy metals are valid?
1. After initial entry into the root, some of the heavy metals can pass through the tonoplast to be stored in the vacuole of cells in the cortex.
2. The heavy metals take an apoplastic pathway in the xylem but at the endodermis must take a symplastic pathway.
3. The rate of accumulation of the heavy metals in leaf cells will be faster at night, when photosynthesis is not occurring, than during the day.
4. The presence of heavy metals causes the transpiration stream to slow down and reduce the rate of transpiration.

What is the correct route for the movement of water from cell to cell in the apoplast pathway?

Which row shows the correct sequence for the movement of sucrose into phloem sieve tubes? [Table_1]

What occurs during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?
1. Aortic pressure increases.
2. Atrial pressure does not change.
3. Ventricular pressure increases.

Which plan diagram represents the tissues in a major vein?

The diagram shows the pressure changes in various structures of the left side of the heart during the cardiac cycle.
At the end of which period is the ventricle full of blood?

Which description of movement of substances during tissue fluid formation is correct?

Which row shows the change in concentration of some substances in red blood cells when carbon dioxide diffuses from active cells?
[Table_1]

Which statements about the human gas exchange system are correct?
1. The absence of cartilage in small bronchioles allows them to expand.
2. The walls of the alveoli are made of cuboidal epithelium.
3. Alveoli secrete a substance which reduces surface tension.
4. The trachea and bronchi are supported by rings of cartilage.

Four types of cell in the gas exchange system are listed.
J alveolus epithelium cell
K ciliated cell
L goblet cell
M smooth muscle cell

The ticks (✓) in the table show specialised features of three of these types of cell.

[Table_1]

Which row correctly matches the specialised feature with the correct cell?

Why is it difficult to control the spread of tuberculosis?
1. Global air travel for commerce and tourism has increased.
2. The bacterium that causes tuberculosis has evolved resistance to some antibiotics.
3. The bacterium that causes tuberculosis shows great antigenic variability.
4. Civil unrest and poverty result in overcrowded living conditions.

Rabies is a viral disease which can be spread to humans by a bite from an infected animal. One method of treatment is to inject the patient with antibodies specific to the rabies virus. Which statements about this treatment are correct?
1. The patient will have natural passive immunity to rabies.
2. The injected antibodies will be broken down by the patient.
3. The patient’s memory cells will be able to produce this antibody more rapidly in the future.
4. The immunity provided will only last a short time.

A person’s blood group is determined by antigens present on the red blood cells. The table shows the antigens and antibodies in the blood of people with different blood groups.

[Table_1]

During a blood transfusion, it is essential that the person who receives the blood does not have antibodies to the donor’s blood.
Which blood groups can be given to a person with blood group B?

A student used a diagram to show four types of cells involved in the primary immune response.
[Diagram showing cells labeled as cell type 1 to 4 with descriptions]
Which row is correct?