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Plant cells contain enzymes which catalyse some of their metabolic reactions. Some of these enzymes catalyse the release of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. A cylinder of potato tissue will have these enzymes on the surface. When hydrogen peroxide solution and a cylinder of potato tissue are mixed, oxygen bubbles are released. You will need to investigate the effect of surface area by:
• changing the surface area
• counting the number of bubbles of oxygen released in a set time (dependent variable). You are provided with the materials shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
[Table_1: Table 1.1 showing labelled contents, hazard, and volume]
[Table_2: Table 1.2 showing labelled contents and quantity]
If any of H comes into contact with your skin, wash off immediately under cold water. It is recommended that you wear suitable eye protection and gloves.
(a) To investigate the effect of surface area, other variables need to be standardised.
Each potato cylinder has been provided with the same diameter but with different lengths.
Each cylinder of potato tissue must be cut to the same length.
1. Cut each of the four potato cylinders in the beaker labelled P, to a length of 20 mm.
To investigate the effect of surface area, the surface area can be changed by cutting each of these four cylinders into a different number of pieces.
The formula for calculating the total surface area of a cylinder is shown in Fig. 1.1.
[Image_1: Fig. 1.1 showing parts of a cylinder]
Total surface area of a cylinder = curved surface area + surface area of all the circular ends.
The curved surface area of a cylinder can be calculated by using the formula:
curved surface area = $2\pi rl$
$\pi = 3.14$
$r$ = radius of cylinder
$l$ = length of cylinder
All the cylinders start with the same length (20 mm) and have the same radius, so the curved surface area is standard.
The total curved surface area is the same for all four cylinders, even when a cylinder is cut into several pieces, as shown in the example on page 4.
To change the total surface area, each cylinder is cut into a different number of pieces.
The change in surface area depends on the number of the circular ends, $n$.
surface area of all the ends = $\pi r^2 n$
EXAMPLE
One cylinder has 2 circular ends as shown in Fig. 1.2.
[Image_2: Fig. 1.2 showing the cylinder]
• number of circular ends, $n = 2$
• area of one circular end = $\pi r^2 = 3.14 \times 2^2 = 12.56 = 13$ mm2 (to the nearest whole number)
• surface area of all the circular ends = $\pi r^2 n = 13 \times 2 = 26$ mm2
Fig. 1.3 shows another cylinder with the same radius and length, which is cut into two pieces. There are then 4 circular ends.
[Image_3: Fig. 1.3 showing the cylinder]
• total number of circular ends, $n = 4$
• area of circular end = 13 mm2 to the nearest whole number
• surface area of all the circular ends = $\pi r^2 n = 13 \times 4 = 52$ mm2 (to the nearest whole number)
(i) Measure the diameter of one of the cylinders in P and calculate the radius, $r$.
$r = \text{...............................} \text{[1]}$
(ii) Calculate the curved surface area, to the nearest whole number, using $2 \times 3.14 \times r \times 20$.
curved surface area = \text{....................................................} \text{[2]}
(iii) For the potato cylinders in P, use $\pi r^2$ to calculate the area of one circular end to the nearest whole number.
Use $\pi$ as 3.14 and use $r$ as recorded in (a)(i).
area of one circular end = \text{....................................................} \text{[1]}
(iv) Complete Table 1.3 to calculate the total surface area when using different numbers of pieces to include:
• one whole cylinder
• one cylinder cut into two pieces
• two other cylinders cut into two different numbers of pieces.
[Table_3: Table 1.3 incomplete showing sections for missing values]
[2]
2. Cut each of the four cylinders into the number of pieces, as shown in Table 1.3.
3. Put the pieces into the shallow dish labelled C. Cover with a damp paper towel to prevent the pieces from drying out.
You will use the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.4.
[Image_4: Fig. 1.4 showing the apparatus]
(v) Describe how you will standardise the position of the delivery tube in the test-tube of water, as shown in Fig. 1.4.
...........................................................................................................................................................[1]
4. Set up the test-tube with W and the delivery tube, as shown in Fig. 1.4 and described in (a)(v).
Do not attach the tubing to the syringe. You may stand the test-tube in the test-tube rack provided.
5. Remove the plunger from the 10 cm3 syringe.
6. Put potato tissue into the barrel of the syringe, for example, the whole cylinder in one piece.
7. Replace the plunger and push it to the 4 cm3 mark, as shown in Fig. 1.5.
[Image_5: Fig. 1.5 showing the syringe setup]
8. Put the nozzle of the syringe into the beaker containing H.
9. Pull the plunger out to the 10 cm3 mark so that H enters the syringe, as shown in Fig. 1.6.
[Image_6: Fig. 1.6 showing the syringe operation]
10. Hold the syringe above the beaker containing H and push the plunger to adjust the level of H to the 5 cm3 mark in the syringe, as shown in Fig. 1.7.
[Image_7: Fig. 1.7 showing the syringe setup]
11. Turn the syringe upside down so that the nozzle is up and there is air in the top of the syringe barrel. Carefully wipe the nozzle with a paper towel to remove excess H.
12. Tap the syringe barrel to make sure all the potato pieces are in H.
13. Attach the delivery tube to the nozzle to make an airtight fit.
14. Put the syringe into a beaker as shown in Fig. 1.4 (page 5).
15. Put the end of the delivery tube back into the test-tube as described in (a)(v).
16. Start timing when the first bubble is observed in the water in the test-tube.
17. Count the bubbles at intervals of 30 seconds up to 120 seconds. Record the results in (a)(vi).
18. Using a paper towel to avoid H coming into contact with your skin, remove the delivery tube from the syringe, keeping the syringe nozzle up.
19. Then push the plunger to empty as much as possible of H into the container labelled 'For waste'.
20. Slowly pull out the plunger and put the potato tissue and remaining H into the container labelled 'For waste'.
21. Repeat step 6 to step 20 with both of the pieces from the cylinder cut into two pieces.
22. Repeat step 6 to step 20 with each of the other two cylinders which have been cut into different numbers of pieces.
(vi) Record your results for the total surface area as shown in Table 1.3 and the number of bubbles at each 30 seconds in an appropriate table.
[5]
(vii) Using the results in (a)(vi), calculate for the largest surface area:
• the mean number of bubbles in 30 seconds
• the rate of activity, number min−1.
Show all the steps in your working and use appropriate units.
mean number of bubbles = ........................................................
rate of activity = ........................................................[3]
(viii) A significant source of error in this procedure is the different size of the bubbles which are released. An improvement to reduce this error would be to measure the volume of oxygen released.
Complete Table 1.4 to suggest:
• how to measure the volume of oxygen released
• one other significant source of error in this procedure
• how to make an improvement to reduce this other error.
[Table_4: Table 1.4 showing sections for completing]
[3]
(ix) Think about how you could modify this procedure to investigate the effect of concentration of substrate, starting with 6% hydrogen peroxide, on the activity of the enzyme (catalase) in the potato tissue. Describe how you could change the independent variable, concentration of substrate.
...........................................................................................................................................................[1]
501
574
508
Plant cells contain enzymes which catalyse some of their metabolic reactions. Some of these enzymes catalyse the release of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. A cylinder of potato tissue will have these enzymes on the surface. When hydrogen peroxide solution and a cylinder of potato tissue are mixed, oxygen bubbles are released. You will need to investigate the effect of surface area by:
• changing the surface area
• counting the number of bubbles of oxygen released in a set time (dependent variable). You are provided with the materials shown in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
[Table_1: Table 1.1 showing labelled contents, hazard, and volume]
[Table_2: Table 1.2 showing labelled contents and quantity]
If any of H comes into contact with your skin, wash off immediately under cold water. It is recommended that you wear suitable eye protection and gloves.
(a) To investigate the effect of surface area, other variables need to be standardised.
Each potato cylinder has been provided with the same diameter but with different lengths.
Each cylinder of potato tissue must be cut to the same length.
1. Cut each of the four potato cylinders in the beaker labelled P, to a length of 20 mm.
To investigate the effect of surface area, the surface area can be changed by cutting each of these four cylinders into a different number of pieces.
The formula for calculating the total surface area of a cylinder is shown in Fig. 1.1.
[Image_1: Fig. 1.1 showing parts of a cylinder]
Total surface area of a cylinder = curved surface area + surface area of all the circular ends.
The curved surface area of a cylinder can be calculated by using the formula:
curved surface area = $2\pi rl$
$\pi = 3.14$
$r$ = radius of cylinder
$l$ = length of cylinder
All the cylinders start with the same length (20 mm) and have the same radius, so the curved surface area is standard.
The total curved surface area is the same for all four cylinders, even when a cylinder is cut into several pieces, as shown in the example on page 4.
To change the total surface area, each cylinder is cut into a different number of pieces.
The change in surface area depends on the number of the circular ends, $n$.
surface area of all the ends = $\pi r^2 n$
EXAMPLE
One cylinder has 2 circular ends as shown in Fig. 1.2.
[Image_2: Fig. 1.2 showing the cylinder]
• number of circular ends, $n = 2$
• area of one circular end = $\pi r^2 = 3.14 \times 2^2 = 12.56 = 13$ mm2 (to the nearest whole number)
• surface area of all the circular ends = $\pi r^2 n = 13 \times 2 = 26$ mm2
Fig. 1.3 shows another cylinder with the same radius and length, which is cut into two pieces. There are then 4 circular ends.
[Image_3: Fig. 1.3 showing the cylinder]
• total number of circular ends, $n = 4$
• area of circular end = 13 mm2 to the nearest whole number
• surface area of all the circular ends = $\pi r^2 n = 13 \times 4 = 52$ mm2 (to the nearest whole number)
(i) Measure the diameter of one of the cylinders in P and calculate the radius, $r$.
$r = \text{...............................} \text{[1]}$
(ii) Calculate the curved surface area, to the nearest whole number, using $2 \times 3.14 \times r \times 20$.
curved surface area = \text{....................................................} \text{[2]}
(iii) For the potato cylinders in P, use $\pi r^2$ to calculate the area of one circular end to the nearest whole number.
Use $\pi$ as 3.14 and use $r$ as recorded in (a)(i).
area of one circular end = \text{....................................................} \text{[1]}
(iv) Complete Table 1.3 to calculate the total surface area when using different numbers of pieces to include:
• one whole cylinder
• one cylinder cut into two pieces
• two other cylinders cut into two different numbers of pieces.
[Table_3: Table 1.3 incomplete showing sections for missing values]
[2]
2. Cut each of the four cylinders into the number of pieces, as shown in Table 1.3.
3. Put the pieces into the shallow dish labelled C. Cover with a damp paper towel to prevent the pieces from drying out.
You will use the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.4.
[Image_4: Fig. 1.4 showing the apparatus]
(v) Describe how you will standardise the position of the delivery tube in the test-tube of water, as shown in Fig. 1.4.
...........................................................................................................................................................[1]
4. Set up the test-tube with W and the delivery tube, as shown in Fig. 1.4 and described in (a)(v).
Do not attach the tubing to the syringe. You may stand the test-tube in the test-tube rack provided.
5. Remove the plunger from the 10 cm3 syringe.
6. Put potato tissue into the barrel of the syringe, for example, the whole cylinder in one piece.
7. Replace the plunger and push it to the 4 cm3 mark, as shown in Fig. 1.5.
[Image_5: Fig. 1.5 showing the syringe setup]
8. Put the nozzle of the syringe into the beaker containing H.
9. Pull the plunger out to the 10 cm3 mark so that H enters the syringe, as shown in Fig. 1.6.
[Image_6: Fig. 1.6 showing the syringe operation]
10. Hold the syringe above the beaker containing H and push the plunger to adjust the level of H to the 5 cm3 mark in the syringe, as shown in Fig. 1.7.
[Image_7: Fig. 1.7 showing the syringe setup]
11. Turn the syringe upside down so that the nozzle is up and there is air in the top of the syringe barrel. Carefully wipe the nozzle with a paper towel to remove excess H.
12. Tap the syringe barrel to make sure all the potato pieces are in H.
13. Attach the delivery tube to the nozzle to make an airtight fit.
14. Put the syringe into a beaker as shown in Fig. 1.4 (page 5).
15. Put the end of the delivery tube back into the test-tube as described in (a)(v).
16. Start timing when the first bubble is observed in the water in the test-tube.
17. Count the bubbles at intervals of 30 seconds up to 120 seconds. Record the results in (a)(vi).
18. Using a paper towel to avoid H coming into contact with your skin, remove the delivery tube from the syringe, keeping the syringe nozzle up.
19. Then push the plunger to empty as much as possible of H into the container labelled 'For waste'.
20. Slowly pull out the plunger and put the potato tissue and remaining H into the container labelled 'For waste'.
21. Repeat step 6 to step 20 with both of the pieces from the cylinder cut into two pieces.
22. Repeat step 6 to step 20 with each of the other two cylinders which have been cut into different numbers of pieces.
(vi) Record your results for the total surface area as shown in Table 1.3 and the number of bubbles at each 30 seconds in an appropriate table.
[5]
(vii) Using the results in (a)(vi), calculate for the largest surface area:
• the mean number of bubbles in 30 seconds
• the rate of activity, number min−1.
Show all the steps in your working and use appropriate units.
mean number of bubbles = ........................................................
rate of activity = ........................................................[3]
(viii) A significant source of error in this procedure is the different size of the bubbles which are released. An improvement to reduce this error would be to measure the volume of oxygen released.
Complete Table 1.4 to suggest:
• how to measure the volume of oxygen released
• one other significant source of error in this procedure
• how to make an improvement to reduce this other error.
[Table_4: Table 1.4 showing sections for completing]
[3]
(ix) Think about how you could modify this procedure to investigate the effect of concentration of substrate, starting with 6% hydrogen peroxide, on the activity of the enzyme (catalase) in the potato tissue. Describe how you could change the independent variable, concentration of substrate.
...........................................................................................................................................................[1]
555
577
523
K1 is a slide of a stained transverse section through a plant leaf.
You are not expected to be familiar with this specimen.
Use a sharp pencil for drawing.
(a) (i) Select a field of view so that you can observe the different tissues in the whole leaf.
Draw a large plan diagram to show the observable tissues in the whole leaf.
Use one ruled label line and label to identify the palisade tissue.
You are expected to draw the correct shape and proportions of the different tissues. [5]
(ii) Observe the epidermis with trichomes (hairs) in K1.
Select three adjacent, touching epidermal cells where only one cell has a trichome attached.
Make a large drawing of these epidermal cells and the trichome.
Use one ruled label line and label to identify a cell wall of one cell.
You are expected to draw the correct shape and proportions of the different cells. [5]
(iii) The presence of trichomes supports the conclusion that the plant grows in a dry environment.
Observe the leaf on K1.
Suggest one other observable feature in the specimen on K1 which supports this conclusion.
Explain how this feature would prevent water loss.
feature ....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of part of a leaf surface showing the stomata.
[Image_1: Fig. 2.1]
Estimate the number of stomata inside the square shown on Fig. 2.1.
Show on Fig. 2.1 those stomata that you counted.
If half or more of a stoma is within the square, count it as a whole stoma.
Do not count any stoma that is less than half within the square.
estimated number of stomata ........................................ [3]
(c) A scientist investigated the percentage of stomata that were open between the times of 00:00 and 12:00.
Table 2.1 shows the results for this investigation.
[Table_1: Table 2.1]
(i) Plot a graph of the data shown in Table 2.1 on the grid in Fig. 2.2.
Use a sharp pencil for drawing graphs.
[Image_2: Fig. 2.2] [4]
(ii) Suggest the effect that the change in percentage of open stomata between 02:30 and 05:00 would have on the rate of transpiration.
Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................... [2]
536
581
511
K1 is a slide of a stained transverse section through a plant leaf.
You are not expected to be familiar with this specimen.
Use a sharp pencil for drawing.
(a) (i) Select a field of view so that you can observe the different tissues in the whole leaf.
Draw a large plan diagram to show the observable tissues in the whole leaf.
Use one ruled label line and label to identify the palisade tissue.
You are expected to draw the correct shape and proportions of the different tissues. [5]
(ii) Observe the epidermis with trichomes (hairs) in K1.
Select three adjacent, touching epidermal cells where only one cell has a trichome attached.
Make a large drawing of these epidermal cells and the trichome.
Use one ruled label line and label to identify a cell wall of one cell.
You are expected to draw the correct shape and proportions of the different cells. [5]
(iii) The presence of trichomes supports the conclusion that the plant grows in a dry environment.
Observe the leaf on K1.
Suggest one other observable feature in the specimen on K1 which supports this conclusion.
Explain how this feature would prevent water loss.
feature ....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of part of a leaf surface showing the stomata.
[Image_1: Fig. 2.1]
Estimate the number of stomata inside the square shown on Fig. 2.1.
Show on Fig. 2.1 those stomata that you counted.
If half or more of a stoma is within the square, count it as a whole stoma.
Do not count any stoma that is less than half within the square.
estimated number of stomata ........................................ [3]
(c) A scientist investigated the percentage of stomata that were open between the times of 00:00 and 12:00.
Table 2.1 shows the results for this investigation.
[Table_1: Table 2.1]
(i) Plot a graph of the data shown in Table 2.1 on the grid in Fig. 2.2.
Use a sharp pencil for drawing graphs.
[Image_2: Fig. 2.2] [4]
(ii) Suggest the effect that the change in percentage of open stomata between 02:30 and 05:00 would have on the rate of transpiration.
Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................... [2]
599
585
527
