AS & A Level Chemistry - 9701 Paper 1 2018 Summer Zone 1

This question refers to isolated gaseous atoms.
In which atom are all electrons paired?

Which compound has a boiling point that is influenced by hydrogen bonding?

Which fuel would produce the largest mass of CO$_2$ when 10 kg of the fuel undergo complete combustion?

The diagram shows the Boltzmann distribution of energies in a gas. The gas can take part in a reaction with an activation energy, $E_a$. The gas is maintained at a constant temperature.

Which statement is correct?

Which molecule has no overall dipole?

Which solid contains more than one type of bonding?

Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of formation. The following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.

$4\text{C}(s) + 5\text{H}_{2}(g) \rightarrow \text{C}_{4}\text{H}_{10}(g)$

By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the standard enthalpy change of formation, $\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}$, of butane?

[Table_1]
| substance | $\Delta H_{c}^{\circ}\text{/kJ mol}^{-1}$ |
| --- | --- |
| C(s) | –394 |
| H$_2$(g) | –286 |
| C$_4$H$_{10}$(g) | –2877 |

Ethanedioate ions, $\text{C}_2\text{O}_4^{2-}$, react with a suitable reagent to form $\text{CO}_2$. A half-equation for this reaction is shown.
$\text{C}_2\text{O}_4^{2-} \rightarrow 2\text{CO}_2 + 2e^-$
Which row is correct?
[Table_1]

Oxidation numbers should be used to answer this question.
A redox reaction takes place between hydroxylammonium ions, $[\text{NH}_3\text{OH}]^+$, and acidified iron(III) ions, $\text{Fe}^{3+}$. The products are iron(II) ions, $\text{Fe}^{2+}$, $\text{H}^+$ ions, water and a compound of nitrogen.
The mole ratio of reacting hydroxylammonium ions to reacting iron(III) ions is 1 : 2.
Which nitrogen-containing compound could be formed in the reaction?

Element X has a higher first ionisation energy than element Y.
Two students state what they believe is one factor that helps to explain this.

student 1 "X has a higher first ionisation energy than Y because an atom of X has more protons in its nucleus than an atom of Y.”

student 2 "X has a higher first ionisation energy than Y because X has a smaller atomic radius than Y.”

Only one of the two students is correct.
What could X and Y be?
[Table_1]

Hydrogen ions catalyse the hydrolysis of esters. Which statement is correct?

Silicon is heated in an excess of chlorine, producing compound J.
Excess water is added to the sample of J produced.
Which row is correct?
[Table_1]

Which element has the \textit{second smallest} atomic radius in its group and the \textit{third lowest} first ionisation energy in its period?

Chlorine reacts with \textit{cold} aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride, water and compound X.
Chlorine reacts with \textit{hot} aqueous sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride, water and compound Y.
What are the oxidation states of chlorine in compound X and compound Y?
[Table_1]

In which reaction does ammonia behave as a Br\o nsted-Lowry base?

Aqueous silver nitrate is added to a solution of potassium iodide.
Aqueous ammonia is then added.
What would be observed?

Oxides of nitrogen are present in the environment due to natural and man-made sources. Which row is correct? [Table_1]

When 3.00g of an anhydrous nitrate of a Group 2 metal is decomposed, 1.53g of gas is produced.
What is the nitrate compound?

Which row correctly describes one property of barium and one property of barium oxide? [Table_1]

Fructose is a sugar with more than one chiral centre. The fructose molecule is shown with X, Y and Z indicating three carbon atoms.

Which carbon atoms are chiral centres?

Which pair of alcohols are isomers of each other?

Sodium methoxide, Na\(^+\)CH\(_3\)O\(^-\), reacts with 2-chloro-2-methylpropane in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The nucleophile is the CH\(_3\)O\(^-\) ion.
Which row is correct?
[Table_1]

Which alcohol can be dehydrated to give two products which are structural isomers of each other?

Which reagent could detect the presence of alcohol in a mixture consisting mainly of alkanes and alkenes?

Compound Q - contains a chiral centre, - gives a positive result with Fehling’s reagent, - gives a positive result with alkaline aqueous iodine. What could compound Q be?

What is the mechanism for the reaction of ethanal, $\text{CH}_3\text{CHO}$, with hydrogen cyanide, HCN, in the presence of NaCN?

Ethyl propanoate is refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The alcohol produced is then reacted with methyl propanoic acid to make a second ester.

What is the structural formula of this second ester? [Image]

Which reagent could be used to carry out the following reaction?

Four reactions of propanoic acid to form salts and other products are shown. Which reaction does not show the formulae of all the correct products?

Compound X contains three carbon atoms. Part of a simplified infra-red spectrum of compound X is shown. Which compound could be X?

One mole of sulfuric acid is used to make an aqueous solution. The solution contains $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ molecules, $\text{H}^+$ ions, $\text{SO}_4^{2-}$ ions and $\text{HSO}_4^{-}$ ions. Which statements are correct?
1. The solution contains $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ sulfur atoms.
2. The solution contains an exactly equal number of $\text{H}^+$ ions and $\text{HSO}_4^{-}$ ions.
3. One mole of $\text{SO}_4^{2-}$ ions contains two moles of electrons.

Which statements are correct?
1. The hydrogen bonds in ice are more regularly arranged than in water.
2. The solidification of water to form ice is exothermic.
3. Pure water is less dense than ice.

Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.
$$\text{Ca(s) + 2H}_{2}\text{O(l)} \rightarrow \text{Ca(OH)}_{2}\text{(s) + H}_{2}\text{(g)}$$
The standard enthalpy change for this reaction is $-414 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$.
What further information is needed in order to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of calcium hydroxide, $\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}\text{Ca(OH)}_{2}\text{(s)}$?

Which statements are correct when a reversible reaction is at equilibrium?

1. All species are at equal concentration.
2. The concentrations of all species remain constant.
3. The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Each of the three mixtures shown can result in a chemical reaction.
Which mixtures result in a redox reaction?

Which statements correctly describe an oxide of nitrogen acting as an atmospheric pollutant?
1. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide which contributes to acid rain.
2. Nitrogen dioxide reacts with sulfur dioxide to form sulfur trioxide which reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.
3. Nitrogen oxides react with unburnt hydrocarbons in sunlight to form other pollutants.

Polymer Z contains the length of polymer chain shown below.
This short length of chain is found many times within the chains of polymer Z, although it is not the repeat unit.

-CH$_2$-CHCl-CH$_2$-

What could be the name of polymer Z?

Limonene is found in lemons.
[Image_1: Structure of limonene]
Limonene is heated with concentrated acidified potassium manganate(VII).
Which compounds are produced?

Chlorofluoroalkanes have been used as the refrigerant in refrigerators but care has to be taken in disposing of old refrigerators.
Which statements about chlorofluoroalkanes are correct?
1. $\text{C--Cl}$ bonds more readily undergo homolytic fission than $\text{C--F}$ bonds.
2. Care is taken in the disposal of old refrigerators because of possible ozone depletion.
3. $\text{C}_2\text{H}_4\text{ClF}$ is more volatile than $\text{C}_2\text{H}_6$.

The $M_r$ of compound X is 72. The composition by mass of X is 66.7\% carbon, 11.1\% hydrogen and 22.2\% oxygen. X gives an orange precipitate with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent. X does not react with Fehling’s reagent.
What can be deduced from this information?