AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 2 2014 Summer Zone 1

(a) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1. Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.

magnification × ......................[2]

(b) Locate the structures in Fig. 1.1 that apply to each of the features shown in Table 1.1. Complete Table 1.1 by writing the appropriate letter and the name of the structure. You must only give one letter in each case. You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all. The first answer has been completed for you.

Table 1.1

| feature | identity | name |
|---------------------------|----------|-----------|
| provides motility | F | flagellum |
| stores genetic information| | |
| partially permeable | | |
| composed of murein (peptidoglycan)| | |
| site of translation | | |

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(c) State three structural features that are present in a mesophyll cell in a leaf that are not present in a prokaryotic cell such as that of V. cholerae.

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[3]

(d) Describe how V. cholerae is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person.

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(e) It is important to know how pathogens are transmitted in order to develop effective control methods. Explain how this knowledge is used to control the spread of V. cholerae in the human population.

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Azolla filiculoides is an aquatic fern that floats on the surface of lakes.
The nitrogen-fixing microorganism, Anabaena azollae, lives within the leaves of the fern.
The beetle, Stenopelmus rufinasus, feeds on A. filiculoides.

(a) State the ecological terms applied to each of the following descriptions of these species.

| description | ecological term |
|---|---|
| all the members of the species A. filiculoides floating on a lake | |

| all the organisms, including A. filiculoides, A. azollae and S. rufinasus, found living in and on the lake | |

| organisms, such as A. filiculoides, that absorb light energy, fix carbon dioxide and make organic compounds available to animals that eat them | |

| the role of species, such as A. filiculoides, A. azollae and S. rufinasus, in the lake ecosystem | |

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(b) Explain the importance of nitrogen-fixing organisms, such as A. azollae, in ecosystems.
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Starch is composed of two polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin. Fig. 3.1 shows a molecule of $\alpha$-glucose before being added to the end of a molecule of amylose.
Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Complete Fig. 3.1 to show how a molecule of $\alpha$-glucose is added to the amylose. [3]
(ii) Name the bond that forms between glucose molecules in polysaccharides, such as amylose. ....................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Glycogen and cellulose are two other polysaccharides. Complete Table 3.1 to compare glycogen and cellulose with amylose.
Table 3.1
[Table_1] feature | amylose | glycogen | cellulose
monomer | $\alpha$-glucose | |
branched or unbranched molecule | unbranched | |
role in organisms | energy storage | | [3]

(c) Type 2 diabetes (insulin-independent diabetes) is a non-infectious disease. If not treated, this disease is characterised by large fluctuations in the concentration of glucose in the blood. Maltase is an enzyme that completes the digestion of starch in humans. Molecules of maltase are bound to the microvilli of epithelial cells in the small intestine. Ascorbase is a drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Molecules of ascorbase have a very similar shape to that of the substrate for maltase.
(i) Explain how ascorbase acts to inhibit these membrane-bound enzymes. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Suggest why ascorbase can be used to treat people who have type 2 diabetes. ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................... [2]

(a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term non-self antigen.
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(a) (ii) Outline how B-lymphocytes recognise non-self antigens.
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(b) (i) Outline how plasma cells produce antibody molecules.
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(b) (ii) Describe how antibody molecules are released from the plasma cell.
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(c) The cells labelled R on Fig. 4.1 divide to give more cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells. These cells have an important role in the immune system. Explain the role of these cells.
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(d) State what happens at W and Z to change the mass of DNA in each cell.
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(e) Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a cancer of B-lymphocytes. It is very rare in adults, but more common in children. A study in 2009 found that exposure to tobacco smoke in the home may put children at risk of developing ALL. Suggest how smoking by adults in the home may put their children at risk of cancers, such as ALL.
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Fig. 5.1 shows a vertical section of the left side of the heart of a mammal.


(a) Explain the difference in the thickness of the left ventricle and the left atrium.
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(b) Explain how the structures labelled on Fig. 5.1 ensure that blood flows in the correct direction.
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(c) During one cardiac cycle, blood is pumped from the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
Explain how the contraction of the four chambers of the heart are coordinated and controlled to enable blood to be pumped simultaneously into both the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
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