AS & A Level Biology - 9700 Paper 2 2014 Winter Zone 3

Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of plant root cells near the growing tip. Some of the cells are undergoing mitosis.

(a) State one feature, visible in Fig. 1.1, which indicates that the section is taken from plant tissue and not animal tissue.
......................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the letter, A to D, of the cell in Fig. 1.1 which is in:
(i) prophase ...................[1]
(ii) anaphase ...................[1]
(c) Describe two events occurring in cell B.
1. ..................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................. [2]
(d) (i) Describe the role of mitosis in a growing plant root tip.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Mutations can sometimes occur in cells which are rapidly dividing.
Outline how a mutation can cause an altered polypeptide to be produced.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Calculate the magnification of Fig. 1.1.
Show your working and give your answer to the nearest whole number.
magnification x ................................................................. [2]

(a) The diatom is an autotroph.

Explain what is meant by the term autotroph.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Describe the role of the water flea in the food chain shown in Fig. 2.1.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Suggest why the heron population is much smaller than the population of the water flea.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Describe the importance of water as an environment for the pond skater and the northern pike.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[4]

(e) The mud at the bottom of the freshwater ecosystem contains dead organic material and also supports the growth of water plants.

Outline how nitrogen from the dead organic material is made available to the growing plants.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................[4]

Measles is an infectious disease for which vaccines have been developed. The commonly used vaccine consists of an attenuated (weakened) form of the virus. The measles vaccine is normally given to children when they are about one year old, followed by a booster dose when they are about four years old.
(a) Explain how this vaccine can provide long-term immunity against measles.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[5]
Fig. 3.1 shows the number of reported cases of measles and the percentage of the population vaccinated worldwide between 1980 and 2002.

(b) Describe the trends shown in Fig. 3.1:
between 1980 and 1990
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
between 1990 and 2002.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[4]
(c) The measles virus has a unique protein on its surface called MV-H which can bind to a protein called CD-46 on the surface of human cells. This allows the measles virus to infect these cells.
Suggest how the two proteins, MV-H and CD-46, can bind to each other.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

Fig. 4.1 is a computer-generated image of the enzyme hexokinase binding with its substrate, glucose. The product of the enzyme-catalysed reaction is glucose-6-phosphate.

(a) Hexokinase binds with glucose using the induced fit mechanism. Describe how an enzyme-substrate complex forms by this mechanism.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Suggest how enzymes which use the induced fit mechanism can be less affected by competitive inhibitors than those which use the lock and key mechanism.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. [2]
(c) When a solution of the enzyme hexokinase is heated to 45°C for 10 minutes, the quantity of product formed decreases by 50% compared to a sample kept between 30°C and 40°C.
Explain this result.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. [3]
Glucose can enter cells by active transport or facilitated diffusion.
Glucose-6-phosphate is a charged, polar molecule and cannot move out of cells.
(d) (i) State two differences between active transport and facilitated diffusion.
1. .................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why glucose-6-phosphate cannot move out of cells.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................... [2]

Fig. 5.1 shows a section of lung tissue from a smoker. The image magnification is ×10.

In a smoker, the walls between the gas exchange structures in the lungs can break down, resulting in the damaged features visible in Fig. 5.1. One of these damaged features is labelled X.
(a) (i) Name the gas exchange structures which are damaged in Fig. 5.1.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Name the smoking-related disease resulting in the damaged feature labelled X in Fig. 5.1.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Smoking-related diseases may increase the risk of infectious diseases of the gas exchange system. Describe and explain how smoking can increase the risk of these infections.
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(c) From one cigarette, a smoker will inhale between 14 and 20 mg of carbon monoxide.
Describe the effects of carbon monoxide on haemoglobin.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]

Table 6.1 contains some information about xylem vessels and phloem sieve tube elements in plants.

[Table_1]

(a) Complete Table 6.1.

(b) State one use for magnesium ions in plants. ............................................................................................................................... [1]