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1. Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of an animal cell and a bacterial cell.
(a) Complete Table 1.1 by identifying the structures labelled B to J in Fig. 1.1. Some structures may not be present in both cells. One row has been completed for you.
[Table_1]
(b) State the function of mitochondria.
(c) Egg cells and sperm cells are examples of specialised animal cells. Place ticks (✓) in Table 1.2 to show the correct adaptive feature for each type of cell.
[Table_2]
577
599
577
2. Fig. 2.1 shows part of a food web for a coral reef. Algae and plankton are producers.
(a) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, identify:
an organism that feeds at the third trophic level
a herbivore
a carnivore
an organism that is a primary consumer and a secondary consumer.
(b) (i) State what the arrows in Fig. 2.1 represent.
(ii) Using the information in Fig. 2.1, construct a food chain containing five organisms. Do not draw the organisms.
(iii) State the name of the process used by some producers to convert energy from light into chemical energy.
(iv) State the name of the type of organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic material.
(c) The large fish in the food web is the coral grouper, *Cephalopholis miniata*. Fig. 2.2 is a photograph of a coral grouper on a coral reef. Coral groupers are a popular food fish for humans.
Overharvesting of the large fish would cause the turtle population to decrease. Using the information in Fig. 2.1, explain why the turtle population would decrease.
(d) Coral groupers developed over time from a species of fish with very few spots on their bodies. Complete the sentences to explain how coral groupers developed. The fish species with few spots had genetic variation in their population. When these fish ..., some of the offspring were born with more spots than others. Fish with more spots were better adapted to the ... because predators were less likely to see them. Fish with more spots had a greater chance of passing on the ... for more spots to the next generation. This process is called ... selection.
556
587
515
3. Fig. 3.1 shows a photograph of some leaves on a tree.
(a) State two features of the leaves, visible in Fig. 3.1, that are adaptations for photosynthesis.
(b) Fig. 3.2 is a diagram of part of a cross-section of a leaf.
(i) Explain how the parts of the leaf labelled A, B, C, and D in Fig. 3.2 adapt the leaf for gas exchange during photosynthesis.
(ii) State the name of the mineral ion that plants need to make chlorophyll.
(c) Complete the sentences about transport in plants. Leaves contain ... bundles. The xylem in the bundles provides plants with support and transports water and ... from the ... to the leaves. Phloem in the bundles transports ... and amino acids.
590
548
578
4. Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of part of the human male reproductive system.
(a) Identify the letter in Fig. 4.1 for the structure that:
produces sperm
places sperm into the vagina
carries urine out of the body
holds the testes outside the body.
(b) Scientists investigated the link between testis size and length of sperm in bird species. Fig. 4.2 shows the results.
(i) Describe how the length of the sperm changes as the testis size increases.
(ii) Calculate the difference in length between the longest sperm and the shortest sperm.
(iii) State the testis size that has the longest sperm.
522
564
563
5. Fig. 5.1 shows part of the human gas exchange system.
(a) Identify the structures labelled F and G on Fig. 5.1.
(b) Write the words in the correct order in the boxes to show the structures inspired gases move through to get from outside the body to the blood.
[Table_3]
(c) The composition of air changes between inspiration and expiration.
(i) Complete the table about how expired air differs from inspired air. Choose the word or phrase from the list. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
[Table_4]
(ii) State the name of the substance used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
(d) The lungs excrete waste gases.
(i) State the name of one other organ that excretes waste substances.
(ii) Circle three other substances that humans excrete.
amino acids, glycerol, haemoglobin, ions, mucus, starch, urea, water.
542
532
557
6. (a) (i) State the meaning of the term variation.
(ii) Table 6.1 shows some statements about variation. Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show which statements describe continuous and discontinuous variation. Place one tick in each row.
[Table_5]
(iii) Fig. 6.1 shows graphs of two types of variation. On Fig. 6.1, state an example of a phenotype for each type of variation shown.
(b) Complete the statements about mutation. Mutation is a ... change in which new ... are formed. The rate of mutation is increased by some chemicals and by ... radiation.
547
594
592
7. Fig. 7.1 shows how some uses of land have changed from the year 1500 to the year 2000 in one country.
(a) Using the data in Fig. 7.1:
(i) Identify the years when there was the largest increase in the percentage of land used for farming.
from ... to ...
(ii) State the trend for the percentage of land used for housing.
(iii) State the year when the percentage of land used for forests and wild plants was equal to the percentage of land used for farming.
(b) Deforestation is one of the consequences of using land for farming. Outline the undesirable effects of deforestation.
(c) State one way humans can damage aquatic environments.
528
523
567
8. (a) Yeast can respire anaerobically. The box on the left shows the beginning of a sentence. The boxes on the right show some sentence endings. Draw three straight lines from the box on the left to the boxes on the right to make three correct sentences. Anaerobic respiration in yeast releases less energy than aerobic respiration. produces lactic acid. only takes place in ribosomes. is a chemical reaction. breaks down nutrient molecules. requires oxygen.
(b) State two ways anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in biotechnology.
(c) A student investigated the effect of different glucose solution concentrations on the volume of gas produced by yeast. The results are shown in Table 8.1.
[Table_6]
The rate of gas production can be calculated using the formula: $$ \text{rate} = \frac{1}{\text{time}} $$ Calculate the rate of gas production for the glucose solution concentration of 0.4 mol per dm$^3$. Give your answer to two decimal places.
577
509
519
