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1. Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car. (a) (i) For the graph in Fig. 1.1, match each letter, R, S, and T, with the motion at that point. Draw one line from each letter to the correct description. One has been done for you.
R: at rest
S: moving with constant speed
T: accelerating (positive acceleration)
(ii) Determine the speed of the car at time = 4.0 s.
(iii) Determine the distance moved by the car from time = 16.0 s to time = 20.0 s.
(b) Define the term velocity.
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2. A student places six 100 g masses in a stack, as shown in Fig. 2.1. (a) The height of the stack of masses is 5.4 cm. Calculate the average thickness of one mass.
(b) Fig. 2.2 shows the masses, a measuring cylinder, and a beaker containing some water. Describe a method that the student uses to determine the total volume of the six masses.
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3. Fig. 3.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on a boat. (a) (i) Calculate the resultant horizontal force on the boat in Fig. 3.1.
(ii) Suggest what causes the 80 N force on the boat in Fig. 3.1.
(iii) Describe the horizontal motion of this boat when forces are balanced.
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows the wheel used to steer a boat. Calculate the moment of the 60 N force about the pivot. Include the unit.
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4. The government of a country decides to reduce the amount of fossil fuel burned for generating electrical power.
(a) State two reasons, apart from cost, for reducing the amount of fossil fuel burned.
(b) (i) Describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electrical power.
(ii) State two other disadvantages of using a hydroelectric power station to generate electrical power.
(c) Suggest one method of storing the electrical energy generated by a wind turbine.
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5. (a) Describe the arrangement, separation, and motion of gas particles.
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows some gas in a container with a piston. The piston can move into the container. (i) A force of 30 N pushes the piston into the container for a distance of 0.18 m. Calculate the work done by the 30 N force.
(ii) When the piston moves into the container, the temperature of the gas does not change. Describe and explain any change in the pressure on the walls of the container.
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6. A student wants to compare the conduction of thermal energy through rods made of iron, copper, glass, and aluminium. Each rod is coated with wax. Fig. 6.1 shows the equipment that the student uses. (a) Describe how the student can compare the conduction of thermal energy through the rods in Fig. 6.1.
(b) The Bunsen burner emits infrared waves. The infrared waves have a wavelength of $2.0 \times 10^{–6} m$. The velocity of the infrared waves is $3.0 \times 10^8 m/s$.
(i) Calculate the frequency of the infrared waves.
(ii) State the name of a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has a wavelength longer than the wavelength of infrared. Give one use of the radiation in this region.
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7. (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of light striking a plane mirror. The angle of incidence for the ray of light is 40°.
(i) Indicate the angle of reflection by drawing a letter R on Fig. 7.1.
(ii) State the size of the angle of reflection in Fig. 7.1.
(b) An object O is placed to the left of a thin converging lens. F1 is the principal focus on one side of the lens and F2 is the principal focus on the other side of the lens. Two rays from the top of the object are incident on the lens, as shown in Fig. 7.2. (i) On Fig. 7.2, locate the image of O by continuing the path of each ray.
(ii) Draw an arrow to represent the image of O.
(c) Fig. 7.3 shows a prism producing a spectrum of colours from a narrow beam of white light. (i) State the name of the effect that produces a spectrum.
(ii) List the seven colours in the order they appear between X and Z.
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8. Fig. 8.1 shows an arrangement for making an electromagnet. The electromagnet consists of a solenoid and a core. (a) (i) The electromagnet is a temporary magnet. State one material which is suitable for the core of the electromagnet.
(ii) The battery is made from cells connected in series. Each cell in the battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 1.5 V. Calculate the number of cells in the battery in Fig. 8.1.
(b) The switch is closed. The direction of the current in the solenoid is shown in Fig. 8.1.
(i) State the name of a piece of equipment that can show the direction of a magnetic field.
(ii) State the name of the pole labelled X on the core of the electromagnet.
(c) The resistance of the solenoid is 8.0 Ω. The current in the solenoid is 1.2 A. Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the solenoid.
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9. (a) Fig. 9.1 shows the power cable for connecting a desktop computer to the mains electricity circuit. (i) State the name of each of the three wires inside the power cable.
(ii) The cable is designed for a maximum current of 13 A. Suggest one hazard due to a current of 30 A in the cable.
(b) There is a transformer in the desktop computer. The input voltage to the primary coil $V_p$ is 230 V (a.c.). The number of turns on the primary coil $N_p$ is 720. The number of turns on the secondary coil $N_s$ is 50.
(i) Calculate the output voltage $V_s$ of the secondary coil.
(ii) The current in the input coil of the transformer is 1.4 A. Calculate the input power to the desktop computer.
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10. A nucleus of strontium-90 is represented using nuclide notation as shown. $^{90}_{38}Sr$
(a) (i) Calculate the number of neutrons in one nucleus of strontium-90.
(ii) Determine the number of electrons in one atom of strontium-90.
(b) Strontium-90 decays by emitting β-particles (beta-particles). Describe the nature of β-particles.
(c) Strontium-90 decays with a half-life of 29 years. A sample contains 16 mg of strontium-90. Calculate the time taken for the strontium-90 to decay until only 2.0 mg of strontium-90 remains in the sample.
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11. (a) The Sun is the star in our Solar System. Eight planets orbit the Sun. State the names of two other categories of bodies in the Solar System.
(b) State the name of the galaxy that includes our Solar System.
(c) Describe how the light from distant galaxies gives evidence to support the Big Bang Theory.
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