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'Particles moving very slowly from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.'
Which process is being described?
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A student mixes 25 cm$^3$ samples of dilute hydrochloric acid with different volumes of aqueous sodium hydroxide. In each case, the student measures the change in temperature to test if the reaction is exothermic.
Which piece of apparatus is not needed?
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A solid X is purified in five steps. The first four steps of the purification are shown in the diagram: In step 5, how is a pure sample of solid X obtained from mixture Y?
568
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An atom has three electron shells. There are three electrons in the outer shell. How many protons and how many neutrons are in this atom? [Table_1]
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Boron nitride is a compound of the elements boron and nitrogen.
It has a similar structure to diamond.
What is likely to be a property of boron nitride?
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532
Which row describes the formation of single covalent bonds in methane?
555
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Which elements are in the compound $BaCO_3$?
519
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Concentrated aqueous sodium iodide is electrolysed using platinum electrodes.
The solution contains the ions Na^+, I^-, H^+ and OH^-.
Which electrodes are the ions attracted to during this electrolysis?
[Table_1]
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586
Which apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with copper?
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10g of ammonium nitrate are added to water at 25°C and the mixture stirred. The ammonium nitrate dissolves and, after one minute, the temperature of the solution is 10°C. Which word describes this change?
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What is always produced when a fuel is burnt?
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An experiment X is carried out between a solid and a solution using the apparatus shown.
The volume of gas given off is measured at different times and the results plotted on a graph.
In a second experiment Y, the surface area of the solid is increased but all other factors remain the same.
Which graph shows the results of experiments X and Y?
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Hydrated cobalt(II) chloride crystals are pink.
When they are heated, they lose water and form blue anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride.
$$\text{hydrated cobalt(II) chloride} \rightleftharpoons \text{anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride} + \text{water}$$
A few drops of vinegar were added to anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride. There was a colour change from blue to pink.
What does this colour change show about vinegar?
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The equations for three reactions are shown.
1. \[ \text{CuO} + \text{H}_2 \rightarrow \text{Cu} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
2. \[ \text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2 \]
3. \[ 2\text{H}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Which statement about the reactions is not correct?
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Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which type of oxides do X and Y form?
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Compound T is added to dilute hydrochloric acid and warmed gently.
The mixture gives off a gas which turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless.
A flame test on compound T gives a lilac flame.
What is compound T?
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Acids can react with metal oxides, carbonates and metals.
Which reactions produce a gas?
[Table_1]
The table shows the reactions of acids with metal oxides, carbonates, and metals, indicating whether a gas is produced.
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The apparatus shown is used to prepare aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
What are X and Y?
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Elements P and Q are in the same period of the Periodic Table.
P is a metal and Q is a non-metal.
Which statement is correct?
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What is not a property of Group I metals?
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A flammable gas needs to be removed from a tank at an industrial plant.
For safety reasons, an inert gas is used.
Which gas is suitable?
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Which element is a transition element?
[Table_1]
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Which statement about the element bromine is correct?
562
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Four metals are listed in decreasing order of reactivity.
magnesium
zinc
iron
copper
Titanium reacts with acid and cannot be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon.
Where should titanium be placed in the list?
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Basic oxides and oxygen are used to convert iron into steel.
Which statement is not correct?
541
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A student added dilute hydrochloric acid to four metals and recorded the results. Some of the results are not correct.
[Table_1]
Which two results are correct?
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Some properties of aluminium are listed.
1. It conducts heat.
2. It has a low density.
3. It is mechanically strong.
4. It is resistant to corrosion.
Which properties make aluminium suitable for making food containers for chilled food products?
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The diagram represents the water cycle. At which stage during the cycle are soluble impurities removed from the water?
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Air is a mixture of gases. Which gas is present in the largest amount?
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Which information about carbon dioxide and methane is correct?
[Table_1]
A table shows the following information:
1. Formed when vegetation decomposes
- Carbon dioxide: ✓ (true)
- Methane: ✗ (false)
2. Greenhouse gas
- Carbon dioxide: ✓ (true)
- Methane: ✓ (true)
3. Present in unpolluted air
- Carbon dioxide: ✗ (false)
- Methane: ✗ (false)
4. Produced during respiration
- Carbon dioxide: ✗ (false)
- Methane: ✓ (true)
(key: ✓ = true, ✗ = false)
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Calcium oxide and ammonium salts are used by farmers to treat soils.
Why are these two substances added at different times?
563
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522
The chart shows how a gas, G, is formed in four reactions, from glucose or from a solid, S.
What are the formulae of gas G and solid S?
581
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Slaked lime is used to neutralise an acidic soil.
How does the pH of the soil change?
[Table_1]
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Which list shows the fractions obtained from distilling petroleum, in order of increasing boiling point?
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Butane reacts as shown.
butane \overset{\text{catalyst}}{\longrightarrow} \text{butene + hydrogen}
What is this type of reaction?
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The structure of a compound, X, is shown.
To which homologous series does X belong?
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An organic compound has the following properties:
[Table_1: Colour, Effect on Universal Indicator, Flammability, Effect on Aqueous Bromine, State at Room Temperature]
To which homologous series does this organic compound belong?
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The diagram shows some apparatus.
What is made using this apparatus?
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Ethanol is used as a biofuel.
Which equation shows the complete combustion of ethanol?
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