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The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate diffusion. Which statement explains why the ring of ammonium chloride appears as shown?
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Chromatography experiments are carried out on four substances, P, Q, R and S. The same solvent is used in each experiment. The resulting chromatograms are shown below. Which statement is not correct?
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The diagram shows the apparatus used to separate the different components of a mixture by chromatography. Which statement about this experiment is correct?
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Which statements about isotopes of the same element are correct?
1. They are atoms which have the same chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
2. They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and neutrons but different numbers of protons.
3. They are atoms which have the same number of electrons and protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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The table shows the electronic structure of four atoms.
[Table_1] Which two atoms combine to form a covalent compound?
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Which statement describes the attractive forces between molecules (intermolecular forces)?
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Which substance exists as a lattice of positive ions in a 'sea of electrons'?
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Analysis of a compound formed between magnesium and nitrogen showed it contained 14.4 g of magnesium and 5.6 g of nitrogen.
What is the empirical formula of the compound?
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An excess of zinc is added to $100 \text{cm}^3$ of $1.0 \text{mol/dm}^3$ hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is:
$$\text{Zn} + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2 + \text{H}_2$$
What is the maximum volume of hydrogen evolved at room temperature and pressure?
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The diagram shows a method used to copper-plate a pan .
Which equation represents the reaction at the cathode?
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The diagram shows some properties that substances may have. To which labelled part of the diagram does $^{235}\text{U}$ belong?
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The diagram shows a simple cell.
Which pair of metals produces the largest voltage?
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Hydrazine, $\text{N}_2\text{H}_4$, decomposes as shown. The energy change for this reaction is $-95$ kJ/mol. The table shows some bond energies involved. [Table_1] What is the bond energy of the N–N bond?
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A liquid X reacts with solid Y to form a gas.
Which two diagrams show suitable methods for investigating the rate (speed) of the reaction?
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Which row explains why increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction? [Table_1]
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Methanol is manufactured by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen together in the presence of an aluminium oxide catalyst.
The equation for the reaction is shown.
$$\text{CO(g) + 2H}_2\text{(g)} \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{OH(g)}$$
The reaction is a reversible reaction.
The forward reaction is exothermic.
Which change in conditions increases the yield of methanol?
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Which equation represents a reduction reaction?
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Which statements are properties of an acid?
1. reacts with ammonium sulfate to form ammonia
2. turns red litmus blue
[Table_1]
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Which row describes whether an amphoteric oxide reacts with acids and bases?
[Table_1]
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Barium sulfate is an insoluble salt. It can be made by reacting copper(II) sulfate solution with barium nitrate solution. $$\text{CuSO}_4(\text{aq}) + \text{Ba(NO}_3)_2(\text{aq}) \rightarrow \text{Cu(NO}_3)_2(\text{aq}) + \text{BaSO}_4(\text{s})$$ What is the correct order of steps to obtain a pure, dry sample of barium sulfate from the reaction mixture? [Table_1]
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Where in the Periodic Table is the metallic character of the elements greatest? [Table_1]
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Which statement about the elements in Group I is correct?
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Osmium is a transition element.
Which row gives the expected properties of osmium?
[Table_1]
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Two statements about noble gases are given.
1. Noble gases are reactive, monatomic gases.
2. Noble gases all have full outer shells of electrons.
Which is correct?
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Some properties of substance X are listed.
• It conducts electricity when molten.
• It has a high melting point.
• It burns in oxygen and the product dissolves in water to give a solution with pH 11.
What is X?
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Four metals P, Q, R and S are added to separate aqueous solutions of their ions. The results are shown. [Table_1] What is the order of reactivity of the metals, most reactive first?
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Copper is a transition element used to make saucepans.
Which property is not correct for copper?
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Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of a mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite. Which statement is not correct?
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The diagram shows an experiment to investigate how paint affects the rusting of iron.
What happens to the water level in tubes P and Q?
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A new planet has been discovered and its atmosphere has been analysed. The table shows the composition of its atmosphere.
[Table_1] gas | percentage by volume
carbon dioxide | 4
nitrogen | 72
oxygen | 24
Which gases are present in the atmosphere of the planet in a higher percentage than they are in the Earth’s atmosphere?
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Catalytic converters are used to remove some gaseous pollutants from car exhaust fumes. Which gas is removed from the fumes by oxidation?
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Ammonia is produced by the Haber process.
$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightarrow 2NH_3(g)$.
Which statement about the Haber process is not correct?
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One step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
Which conditions are used for this step?
[Table_1]
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Which process is used to make lime (calcium oxide) from limestone (calcium carbonate)?
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The diagram shows the separation of petroleum into fractions.
What could X, Y and Z represent?
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Which compound does not belong to the same homologous series as the other three compounds?
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The structure of an alkene and the structure of an ester are shown.
What are the names of P and Q?
[Table_1]
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What is an advantage of producing ethanol by fermentation of sugar compared to the catalytic addition of steam to ethene?
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A polymer has the formula shown. From which monomers can it be formed?
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Which row shows a natural polymer with the same linkages as a synthetic polymer?
[Table_1]
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