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‘Particles moving very slowly from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.’
Which process is being described?
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538
A student mixes 25 cm3 samples of dilute hydrochloric acid with different volumes of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
In each case, the student measures the change in temperature to test if the reaction is exothermic.
Which piece of apparatus is not needed?
576
559
537
A solid X is purified in five steps. The first four steps of the purification are shown in the diagram.
In step 5, how is a pure sample of solid X obtained from mixture Y?
551
513
538
An atom has three electron shells. There are three electrons in the outer shell. How many protons and how many neutrons are in this atom? [Table_1]
546
509
595
Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature and boils at 78°C.
Sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature.
Which statement about the bonding in ethanol and sodium chloride is not correct?
535
500
520
The molecules $N_2$, $C_2H_4$, $CO_2$, and $CH_3OH$ all have covalent bonds.
These bonds consist of shared pairs of electrons.
Which row gives the total number of shared pairs of electrons in the molecules shown?
[Table_1]
570
573
579
Metals are malleable. Which statement explains why metals are malleable?
501
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508
The equation shows the complete combustion of propane.
C$_3$H$_8$(g) + 5O$_2$(g) → 3CO$_2$(g) + 4H$_2$O(l)
Which statement is correct?
585
542
500
Sodium hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid.
The equation for the reaction is shown.
$2\text{NaOH} + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{Na}_2\text{SO}_4 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$
Which volume of $0.4 \text{mol/dm}^3$ sodium hydroxide reacts with $50.0 \text{cm}^3$ of $0.1 \text{mol/dm}^3$ sulfuric acid?
519
587
510
Which apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with copper?
526
527
599
The diagram shows two different metal strips dipped into an electrolyte.
Which pair of metals produces the highest voltage?
504
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600
10g of ammonium nitrate are added to water at 25°C and the mixture stirred. The ammonium nitrate dissolves and, after one minute, the temperature of the solution is 10°C.
Which word describes this change?
510
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506
The energy level diagram for a reaction is shown.
Which row is correct?
599
546
507
An experiment X is carried out between a solid and a solution using the apparatus shown.
The volume of gas given off is measured at different times and the results plotted on a graph.
In a second experiment Y, the surface area of the solid is increased but all other factors remain the same.
Which graph shows the results of experiments X and Y?
535
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570
Which change in conditions increases the energy of the particles in a reaction?
518
539
570
Chlorine can be manufactured by the following reaction. The reaction is exothermic.
$$4HCl(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2H_2O(g) + 2Cl_2(g)$$
Which change increases the yield of chlorine at equilibrium?
576
532
533
Which change represents an oxidation reaction?
529
546
583
Germanium oxide is a white powder. Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Germanium oxide reacts with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide. Germanium oxide does not dissolve when added to water. Which type of oxide is germanium oxide?
524
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556
Hydrogen chloride gas reacts with water to produce an acidic solution. The equation for the reaction is shown.
$$\text{HCl} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{Cl}^- + \text{H}_3\text{O}^+$$
Which statement describes what happens during the reaction?
561
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The apparatus shown is used to prepare aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
What are X and Y?
563
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600
Information about some silver compounds is shown in the table.
[Table_1]
Which equation shows a reaction which cannot be used to make a silver salt?
507
569
517
What is not a property of Group I metals?
514
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544
Compound T is added to dilute hydrochloric acid and warmed gently.
The mixture gives off a gas which turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless.
A flame test on compound T gives a lilac flame.
What is compound T?
581
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524
Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
Which row correctly describes the properties of elements W, X, Y and Z?
545
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525
Basic oxides and oxygen are used to convert iron into steel. Which statement is not correct?
573
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The results of two experiments are given.
1. Cobalt displaces manganese from an aqueous solution of a manganese salt.
2. Manganese displaces silver from an aqueous solution of a silver salt.
Three more experiments are carried out.
3. Cobalt is added to an aqueous solution of a silver salt.
4. Manganese is added to an aqueous solution of a cobalt salt.
5. Silver is added to an aqueous solution of a cobalt salt.
In which experiments does a reaction take place?
517
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552
Cryolite, $\text{Na}_3\text{AlF}_6$, is added to aluminium oxide in the electrolytic extraction of aluminium. What is the reason for this?
557
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527
Different forms of steel contain different proportions of carbon.
Steel P contains a high proportion of carbon.
Steel Q contains a low proportion of carbon.
Which statement is correct?
548
562
547
Air is a mixture of gases. Which gas is present in the largest amount?
591
512
507
Which information about carbon dioxide and methane is correct? [Table_1]
581
523
526
A metal, X, is used to make oil pipelines.
X corrodes in air and water.
X can be protected from corrosion by attaching blocks of element Y.
Which statement is correct?
544
551
504
The Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia occurs at 450\(^\circ\)C and 250 atmospheres. The nitrogen and hydrogen are supplied in a 1:3 ratio by volume. The reaction is exothermic.
$N_2(g) + 3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g)$ $\Delta H = -92\text{ kJ/mol}$
Which change causes an increase in the yield of ammonia?
549
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538
The following scheme shows four stages in the conversion of sulfur to sulfuric acid. In which stage is a catalyst used?
554
506
538
Slaked lime is used to neutralise an acidic soil.
How does the pH of the soil change?
[Table showing pH changes]
A. from 6 to 7
B. from 7 to 8
C. from 8 to 7
D. from 8 to 6
565
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572
Which list shows the fractions obtained from distilling petroleum, in order of increasing boiling point?
593
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589
Butane reacts as shown.
butane \frac{\text{catalyst}}{\text{and heat}} \rightarrow \text{butene} + \text{hydrogen}
What is this type of reaction?
576
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561
Substance Z has the following characteristics.
1. It burns in an excess of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
2. It is oxidised by air to form a liquid smelling of vinegar.
3. It reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters.
What is substance Z?
538
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598
Ethanol is manufactured by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene and by fermentation.
Which row shows an advantage and a disadvantage of using the catalytic addition of steam to ethene compared to fermentation?
[Table_1]
586
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500
The organic compound shown can be polymerised.
Which diagram represents a section of the polymer?
523
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The partial structure of a polymer is shown.
Which type of polymer is represented?
525
566
519
