Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2015 Summer Zone 3

(a) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

Some plants can be grown in water using the technique of hydroponics. The roots are in water and supplied with the ions that they need at the concentrations that support maximum growth. Some ions can be absorbed both by diffusion and by active transport.

(a) (i) State two features of diffusion that do not apply to active transport.

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(ii) Explain how roots are adapted to absorb ions.

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A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are given in Table 2.1.

[Table_1]

(b) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in Table 2.1.

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(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

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(c) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in Fig. 2.1.



(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (b)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution that has the same water potential as the onions.

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(d) Using the term water potential, explain why the onions:

gained mass when soaked in dilute solutions of sodium chloride

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lost mass when soaked in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride.

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Researchers in Michigan investigated the rate of photosynthesis in leaves of big-tooth aspen trees, Populus grandidentata, by placing some of the growing leaves inside transparent boxes.
The researchers measured the uptake of carbon dioxide by the leaves over a range of temperatures from 10–40°C. They carried out their measurements at two different concentrations of carbon dioxide:

H – 325 ppm carbon dioxide which is close to the concentration in the atmosphere;
J – 1935 ppm carbon dioxide which is a very high concentration.

The results are shown in Fig. 3.1.


(a) Describe how the results for the aspen leaves in batch J differ from the results for the aspen leaves in batch H. Use data from Fig. 3.1 in your answer.
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(b) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves in batch J:
(i) increases with an increase in temperature from 15°C to 35°C
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(ii) decreases at temperatures above 35°C.
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(c) Use the results in Fig. 3.1 to suggest and explain the likely effect on plant growth of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels.
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The lungs and the kidneys are excretory organs of the human body.
(a) (i) Define the term excretion.
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(ii) State an excretory product that is passed out through the lungs.
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(iii) Outline the role of the liver in excretion.
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(b) Fig. 4.1 is a vertical section of the kidney.

Table 4.1 shows the functions of parts of the kidney.
Complete the table by:
• naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function
• using letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the kidney named.
One row has been completed for you.
[Table_1]
Table 4.1
| function | name of part | letter from Fig. 4.1 |
|---|---|---|
| blood is filtered | | |
| concentration of urine is determined | medulla | L |
| urine flows to the bladder | | |
| blood is carried into the kidney | | |
| blood flows out of the kidney | | |
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(c) People with kidney disease are often treated in renal dialysis clinics. Their blood passes through tubes lined with a special membrane for about three hours.
(i) State two waste substances that are removed from the blood by dialysis.
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(ii) Kidney patients may be given a kidney transplant. State one advantage and one disadvantage of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.
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The menstrual cycle involves monthly changes in the ovary and the uterus.
(a) Fig. 5.1 shows the sequence of changes within the ovary that occur during the menstrual cycle.

(i) Name structures R and S.
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(ii) State the name of the process that is occurring at T.
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(b) The ovary secretes hormones that control the growth and maintenance of the lining of the uterus.
Name the hormone that stimulates:
(i) the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first half of the menstrual cycle
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(ii) the maintenance of the lining of the uterus during the second half of the menstrual cycle.
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(c) Fig. 5.2 is an electron micrograph showing a sperm cell on the surface of an egg cell.

(i) State three ways in which a sperm cell differs from an egg cell.
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(ii) Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Human egg and sperm cells have 23 chromosomes each.
What term is used to describe the number of chromosomes in a gamete, such as an egg cell or a sperm cell?
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(iii) State the organ in which fertilisation occurs in humans.
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(iv) Describe what happens between the event shown in Fig. 5.2 and implantation in the uterus.
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(d) Clomiphene citrate is a fertility drug that has been available for over 50 years. As part of a fertility treatment clomiphene citrate is taken once a day (daily dose) for about five days.
Researchers investigated the use of the drug in Denmark between 1974 and 1993. The results of their study are shown in Fig. 5.3.

(i) Describe the change in the use of clomiphene citrate in Denmark between 1974 and 1993. Use data from Fig. 5.3 in your answer.
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(ii) Clomiphene citrate is used as part of a treatment cycle to help women become pregnant. Often this involves artificial insemination (AI).
Describe how a treatment cycle involving fertility drugs and AI would be carried out.
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Some integrated farming systems involve making best use of all available resources without the use of large inputs of energy in the form of fossil fuels. A study looked at what happened to the light energy that was the major energy input to farms in the Zhujiang delta in China. The farms are based on a dyke-pond system as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Elephant grass, vegetables and mulberry trees are grown on the dykes in between the ponds. The elephant grass is grown and then cut to feed the fish. Vegetables and fish are used for human consumption. Silkworms feed on the mulberry trees. Phytoplankton are the main producers in the pond and are eaten by the fish.
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term producer. .............................................................................................................
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(ii) Use the information provided in the passage on page 18 and in Fig. 6.1 to complete a food web for the farm. Some of the producers have been drawn for you.

(b) In the study the researchers discovered that the vegetables absorbed 1560 MJ m$^{-2}$ per year of light energy. The energy which was transferred from the vegetables to humans was 3 MJ m$^{-2}$ per year. Explain what happens to the energy that is absorbed by the vegetables but is not transferred to humans.
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(c) Suggest the advantages to a farmer of including ponds stocked with fish in an integrated farming system.
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