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(a) (i) Name the vertebrate group that contains lizards. ............................................................................................................................[1]
(a) (ii) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.
key
| 1 (a) | feet with three toes | go to 2 | |
| (b) | feet with five toes | go to 3 | |
| 2 (a) | has a collar or crest on head | go to 4 | |
| (b) | has no collar or crest on head | Chalcides minutus | |
| 3 (a) | spikes along back | go to 5 | |
| (b) | no spikes along back | go to 6 | |
| 4 (a) | ridges extend along back and tail | Brookesia perarmata | |
| (b) | no ridges along back or tail | Calumma parsonii | |
| 5 (a) | blunt, rounded head | Amblyrhynchus cristatus | |
| (b) | elongated head | Cyclura lewisi | |
| 6 (a) | large raised scales on skin | Abronia graminea | |
| (b) | scales on skin are not large or raised | Varanus komodoensis | D |
(b) The effect of humans on the environment has caused the populations of the lizard species in Fig. 1.1 to decrease.
Explain why conserving lizards is important.
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(c) (i) State two disadvantages of asexual reproduction.
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(c) (ii) State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
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(d) (i) Define the term meiosis.
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(d) (ii) Explain the significance of meiosis to the survival of endangered species of lizards.
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534
547
(a) (i) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the breathing rate before the start of the match. Express your answer to the nearest whole number. Show your working.
.................................breaths per minute
(ii) Use the results in Fig. 2.1 to describe how the pattern of breathing during the match is different from the pattern of breathing before the match starts.
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(b) Describe the process of inhalation.
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(c) Carbon dioxide is excreted from the body through the lungs.
(i) Explain why this process is termed extit{excretion}.
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(ii) Name the part of the blood in which most carbon dioxide is transported.
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(iii) Describe the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on blood pH.
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(d) Carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillaries into the alveoli by diffusion.
Explain why the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide increases during exercise.
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595
567
597
Fig. 3.1 is a diagram of human skin in cold weather.
Fig. 3.1
(a) Table 3.1 shows the responses of the skin to cold weather.
Complete the table by:
• naming the parts of the skin that respond to cold weather
• using the letters (P to V) from Fig. 3.1 to identify these parts of the skin.
Table 3.1
[Table_1]
responses of skin to cold weather | name of part | letter from Fig. 3.1
stands upright to trap air
constricts to reduce blood flow to skin
stops producing sweat
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(b) The response of the skin to cold weather is an involuntary action.
Explain how an involuntary action differs from a voluntary action.
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(c) Describe how the nervous system coordinates the response of the skin to cold weather.
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(d) Explain how negative feedback is involved in the control of body temperature.
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584
507
597
Leaves are made of tissues.
(a) Define the term tissue.
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Fig. 4.1 is a photograph of a transverse section of a leaf, showing the upper and lower surfaces.
(b) Name:
(i) tissue A
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(ii) the process by which gases travel through the stomata.
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(c) Describe how root hair cells differ from the cells labelled B in Fig. 4.1.
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(d) Outline how water that has entered a root hair cell reaches the stomata.
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(e) Leaf hairs, shown in Fig. 4.1, help to increase the humidity near the leaf surface.
(i) Compare the leaf hairs on the upper leaf surface with the leaf hairs on the lower leaf surface.
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(ii) Explain the importance of increasing humidity near the leaf surface.
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518
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525
Fig. 5.1 is a diagram showing the events from pollination to fertilisation in a species of flowering plant.
(a) Name the likely method of pollination for the flowers shown at A in Fig. 5.1. Give an explanation for your choice.
method of pollination ................................................................................................................................................
explanation .................................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) In Fig. 5.1 pollen is transferred from one plant to another.
State the name for this type of pollination.
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(c) Name structure B shown in Fig. 5.1 and state its function.
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(d) Fertilisation occurs at C as shown in Fig. 5.1.
Describe what happens at fertilisation in flowering plants.
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(e) Seed formation occurs after fertilisation. Seeds are formed inside the fruits and then dispersed.
(i) Name the part of the flower that develops into the seed.
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(ii) Name the part of the flower that develops into the fruit.
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(iii) State an advantage of seed dispersal.
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(f) Seed germination occurs when conditions are suitable.
Explain the role of enzymes in seed germination.
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582
595
554
The government in Denmark encourages people to recycle their household waste. Table 6.1 shows the mass of household waste collected for recycling in Denmark in 2000, 2004 and 2008.
[Table_1]
(a) Many governments aim to recycle at least 50% of all household waste. In 2008, 2558 thousand tonnes of household waste was produced in Denmark.
(i) Calculate the percentage of household waste that was recycled in 2008. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Show your working.
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(ii) The mass of waste paper and paper packaging collected for recycling decreased slightly between 2004 and 2008.
Suggest a reason for this slight decrease.
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(iii) Name one other type of recyclable waste, shown in Table 6.1, which shows a similar trend to paper and paper packaging.
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(b) The recycling of paper and paper packaging uses fewer resources than making paper from trees.
Describe how paper is recycled.
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(c) Most waste that is not recycled is put in landfill sites or burnt. Greenhouse gases are produced at landfill sites and by burning.
Explain the likely consequences of an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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520
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575
