Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Core Paper 3 2017 Summer Zone 2

Fig. 1.1 shows five whole leaves from different trees.
[Image_Fig1.1]
Use the key to identify the leaves in Fig. 1.1 and write the answers in Table 1.1.
[Table_1.1]

Table 1.1

| key | name of tree | letter |
|-------------------------------------------------------|---------------|--------|
| 1 (a) leaf is a single leaf shape | go to 2 | |
| (b) leaf is divided into several parts called leaflets | go to 4 | |
| 2 (a) veins branch from a long middle vein | go to 3 | |
| (b) veins branch from a single point at the stalk | Hedera | |
| 3 (a) leaf is oval and has a smooth edge | Magnolia | |
| (b) leaf is not oval and has a lobed edge | Quercus | |
| 4 (a) leaf has leaflets joined at one point on the stalk | Aesculus | |
| (b) leaf has leaflets joined at different points along the stalk | Sorbus | |

Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of the alimentary canal.

(a) Table 2.1 shows some of the processes that occur in the alimentary canal.
Use the letters in Fig. 2.1 to identify where the processes occur.
Write your answers in Table 2.1.
[Table_1]
process     | letter
-----------------|--------
ingestion    |
mechanical digestion    |
secretion of protease    |
absorption of nutrients    |
egestion     |

(b) Chemical digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules. Digestive enzymes such as lipase are used in this process.
(i) Define the term enzyme.
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(ii) The enzyme lipase breaks down fats.
State the end products of fat digestion.
1 ...........................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................
[2]
(iii) List the three chemical elements that are found in fats.
............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) Fat is an important component of a balanced diet.
Draw circles around two foods that are a good source of fat.
beans     butter     pasta
oranges    rice    olive oil
[2]
(v) State the names of three components of a balanced diet, other than fat.
1 ...........................................................................................
2 ...........................................................................................
3 ...........................................................................................[3]
(vi) State one use in the body of fat.
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............................................................................................................................[1]

Hormones are chemical substances produced by glands. The column on the left shows the names of some hormones. The column on the right shows the names of some glands.

(a) Draw one straight line from the hormone to the gland that secretes it.
Draw four lines.

hormone          gland

testosterone                      ovary
oestrogen                    adrenal
adrenaline                    pancreas
insulin                      salivary
                    testes [4]

(b) State the function of the hormone insulin.
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(c) Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. Ovaries secrete hormones and also release the female gamete.

(i) Name the female gamete.
.......................................................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State \textit{two} adaptive features of sperm.
1 ..................................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Name the type of cell division that produces gametes.
.......................................................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Adrenaline is the hormone that is released in 'fight or flight' situations.

(i) Describe \textit{two} effects that adrenaline has on the body.
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(ii) Table 3.1 shows a list of activities.
Tick the boxes that would result in a release of adrenaline.

[Table 3.1]
| bungee jumping |
| sitting an exam |
| going for a gentle walk |
| reading a textbook |
| drinking water |
| hearing a sudden noise|
| painting a picture | [3]

(a) Use words from the list to complete the definition of \textit{anaerobic} respiration.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

carbon dioxide     cells     chemical     chloroplasts     energy
nucleus     nutrient     oxygen     physical

The \text{.....................} reactions in \text{.....................} that break down \text{.....................}
molecules to release energy without using \text{.....................}. \ [4]\vspace{0.2cm}

(b) 100 g of glucose releases 1600 kJ of energy during aerobic respiration.

The energy released during anaerobic respiration is only 5\% of the energy released during aerobic respiration.

(i) Calculate the energy released from 100 g of glucose during \textit{anaerobic} respiration.

Show your working.

\text{.............................................................. kJ} \ [2]

(ii) State \textbf{two} substances made by \textit{aerobic} respiration.

1. \text{........................................................................................................}
2. \text{........................................................................................................} \ [2]

(iii) State \textbf{three} uses of the energy released by respiration in the body.

1. \text{........................................................................................................}
2. \text{........................................................................................................}
3. \text{........................................................................................................} \ [3]

(c) State \textbf{one} way anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise differs from the anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast.

\text{........................................................................................................}
\text{........................................................................................................} \ [1]

(d) State \textbf{one} industrial process that uses anaerobic respiration in yeast.

\text{........................................................................................................}
\text{........................................................................................................} \ [1]

Fig. 5.1 shows a diagram of part of the human circulatory system.

(a) On Fig. 5.1 label the:
• pulmonary artery
• pulmonary vein. [2]

(b) State \textit{two} ways the structure of a vein differs from the structure of an artery.
1 .............................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Table 5.1 shows the components of the blood.
Complete Table 5.1 to show the functions of these components.
[Table_1]
  component of blood   |   function  
red blood cells                            
white blood cells                  
platelets                                      
plasma                                      
[4]

(a) (i) Draw two arrows on Fig. 6.1 to show the direction of growth for the root and shoot. [1]
(ii) Name the type of growth response that would be shown by the root in Fig. 6.1. [1]

(b) Fig. 6.2 shows the apparatus set up by a student to investigate the germination of seeds.

The seeds in test-tube A were the only ones which germinated.
Explain why the seeds in test-tubes B, C and D did not germinate.
B .................................................................................................................................
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C .................................................................................................................................
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D .................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) After the seeds have germinated they will absorb mineral ions. Plants need mineral ions for healthy growth.
(i) Complete Table 6.1 to show the function of nitrate and magnesium ions in a plant.
[Table_1]
[2]
(ii) State where the mineral ions enter a plant.
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [1]

(a) Polar bears live in and around the Arctic Circle, surviving in extremely cold conditions.

Describe and explain one visible adaptive feature that enables the polar bear to survive in a cold environment.

feature ..........................................................................................................................
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explanation .....................................................................................................................
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(b) Polar bears have adapted over time to live in the cold arctic environment through a process called natural selection.

Describe the process of natural selection.

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(c) Polar bears are an endangered species.

Suggest reasons why polar bears have become endangered and how they could be conserved.

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(a) Use Fig. 8.1 to answer these questions.
(i) State the age group and gender that is most likely to smoke cigarettes every day.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the percentage of 55–64 year old females who smoke cigarettes every day.
............................................................% [1]
(b) Table 8.1 shows the components of cigarette smoke.
Complete Table 8.1 to show the effects of the components of cigarette smoke on the body.

[Table_1]

[3]
(c) Smoking is one of the risk factors that contributes to coronary heart disease.
State two other risk factors.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................. [2]