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The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide.
Which row describes the initial and final states?
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During an experiment a measurement is recorded in cm$^3$.
Which apparatus is used?
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A student carried out paper chromatography on a mixture of amino acids. The student sprayed the dried chromatogram with a locating agent. What is the function of the locating agent?
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Which row describes silicon(IV) oxide? [Table_1]
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Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
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Which dot-and-cross diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of carbon dioxide?
582
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The equation for the reaction between phosphorus and oxygen is shown.
$$xP_4 + yO_2 \rightarrow zP_2O_5$$
Which values of x, y and z balance the equation?
[Table_1]
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The relative molecular mass of an alcohol is 88.
Its percentage composition by mass is: C, 54.5%; H, 9.1%; O, 36.4%.
Which row shows the empirical formula and molecular formula for this alcohol?
[Table_1]
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504
Which statements about the electrolysis of concentrated copper(II) chloride are correct?
1. Electrons are transferred from the cathode to the copper(II) ions.
2. Electrons move round the external circuit from the cathode to the anode.
3. Chloride ions are attracted to the anode.
4. Hydroxide ions transfer electrons to the cathode.
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Which metal combination produces the highest voltage reading in the cells shown?
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The equation for the combustion of methane is shown.
$$\text{CH}_4 + 2\text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$$
The energy change for the combustion of methane is $-890$ kJ/mol.
The bond energies are shown in the table.
[Table_1]
What is the bond energy of the C=O bond?
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Which statement describes an exothermic reaction?
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The mass of a beaker and its contents is plotted against time.
Which graph represents what happens when sodium carbonate reacts with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid in an open beaker?
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Copper metal donates electrons to silver ions.
Zinc metal donates electrons to copper ions.
What is the strongest reducing agent?
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Four statements about the effect of increasing temperature on a reaction are shown.
1. The activation energy becomes lower.
2. The particles move faster.
3. There are more collisions between reacting particles.
4. There are more collisions which have energy greater than the activation energy.
Which statements are correct?
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The formation of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide is a reversible reaction.
$$ 2SO_2(g) + O_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2SO_3(g) $$
The forward reaction is exothermic.
Which changes would increase the equilibrium yield of $SO_3$?
1 increasing the pressure
2 lowering the temperature
3 decreasing the concentration of oxygen
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Some properties of four oxides are listed.
Oxide 1 reacts with both acids and alkalis to form salts.
Oxide 2 reacts with acids to form salts but does not react with alkalis.
Oxide 3 reacts with alkalis to form salts but does not react with acids.
Oxide 4 does not react with acids or alkalis.
Which row describes the oxides?
[Table_1]
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What is not a typical characteristic of acids?
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Copper(II) sulfate can be prepared by adding excess copper(II) carbonate to sulfuric acid.
Why is an excess of copper(II) carbonate added?
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Compound P reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a gas that turns limewater milky. What is P?
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Which statement about nitrogen and phosphorus is not correct?
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Sodium and rubidium are elements in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Which statement is correct?
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Which properties do the elements chromium, iron and vanadium have in common?
1. They all conduct electricity.
2. They, or their compounds, can act as catalysts.
3. They all form coloured compounds.
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Why is argon gas used to fill electric lamps?
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Aluminium is extracted from bauxite by electrolysis.
Which row shows the anode material and the anode reaction?
[Table_1]
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Which statement about the metal zinc is not correct?
582
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Calcium nitrate decomposes when it is heated.
What is the equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate?
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The flow chart shows stages in the treatment of river water to produce drinking water.
What occurs at stages X and Y?
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An experiment to investigate the effect of galvanising iron is shown.
The experiment is left for seven days.
What happens to the water level in tubes X and Y?
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Which metal is used as a catalyst in the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia?
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Which process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
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Which row shows the conditions used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the Contact process?
[Table_1]
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Some marble chips (calcium carbonate) are heated strongly and substances X and Y are formed.
Substance X is a white solid that reacts with water, giving out heat. Substance Y is a colourless gas.
What are substances X and Y?
[Table_1]
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The structures of four organic compounds are shown.
Which compounds are unsaturated?
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X, Y and Z are three hydrocarbons.
X \( \text{CH}_2=\text{CH}_2 \) Y \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}=\text{CH}_2 \) Z \( \text{CH}_3-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}=\text{CH}_2 \)
What do compounds X, Y and Z have in common?
1. They are all alkenes.
2. They are all part of the same homologous series.
3. They all have the same boiling point.
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The diagram shows a reaction sequence.
Which row names the processes X, Y, and Z?
[Table_1]
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The structure of an ester is shown.
Which substances react to form this ester?
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A polymer can be made from methyl propene.
Which diagram shows the structure of the polymer?
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