Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2022 Spring Zone 2

(a) (i) State the name of the gas exchange surface in humans. ............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State two features of the gas exchange surface in humans.
1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the gas exchange system in humans.

(i) Draw a label line and the letter X on Fig. 1.1 to identify an external intercostal muscle. [1]
(ii) State the name of the tissue that forms C-shaped structures in the wall of the trachea and state its function.
name .......................................................................................................................
function ................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Describe the effects on the thorax of contraction of the diaphragm.
................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Table 1.1 compares the composition of inspired and expired air.
[Table_1]
(i) Complete Table 1.1 by writing the names of gases B, C and D. [3]
(ii) For gas B and gas C, explain the differences in the percentages shown in Table 1.1 between inspired and expired air.
................................................................................................................................. [3]

(a) Fig. 2.1 is a photomicrograph showing the fertilisation of one human egg cell.
[Image_1: Photomicrograph of fertilisation with label 'sperm']

Describe and explain the adaptations of the cells shown in Fig. 2.1 that enable fertilisation and early development of the embryo to occur.
................................................................. [6]

(b) People can use artificial insemination (AI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase their chance of becoming pregnant.

(i) Outline the process of artificial insemination.
......................................................................... [3]

(ii) Outline how the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) differs from artificial insemination (AI).
................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe the social implications of fertility treatments.
.................................................................. [4]

[Total: 15]

(a) A scientist investigated the effect of temperature on the mass of leaves picked from a tea plant, *Camellia sinensis*.
• Three samples of leaves were picked and the mass of each sample of leaves was recorded.
• Each sample of leaves was kept at a different temperature for four hours.
• After four hours, the mass of each sample of leaves was measured and recorded again.
• The scientist then calculated the final mass as a percentage of the initial mass for each sample.
Fig. 3.1 shows the results.



Fig. 3.1

(i) Explain the results shown in Fig. 3.1.
...................................................................................................................................................... [5]

(ii) State one factor, other than temperature, that would affect the loss of mass from the leaves of a plant.
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 3.2 is a photomicrograph of the tissue that transports water and mineral ions in a plant.



Fig. 3.2

(i) State the name of the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2.
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how the tissue shown in Fig. 3.2 is adapted for its functions in the plant.
...................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Explain how mineral ions enter a plant.
...................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.

(i) Describe two similarities and two differences between a palisade mesophyll cell and the bacterial cell shown in Fig. 4.1.
similarity 1 ..............................................................................................................................................................
similarity 2 ..............................................................................................................................................................
difference 1 ..............................................................................................................................................................
difference 2 ..............................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain how the cholera bacterium causes diarrhoea.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) A scientist tested the resistance of one strain of bacteria to different antibiotics.
The scientist tested solutions of five different antibiotics, A to E.
She soaked a paper disc in each antibiotic solution.
The paper discs with antibiotics were placed in a Petri dish containing bacteria on agar jelly.
Fig. 4.2 is a diagram of the appearance of the Petri dish after 48 hours. The shaded areas show where bacteria grew. The clear areas show where bacteria did not grow.

(i) The strain of bacteria used in this investigation causes a disease.
Using the information in Fig. 4.2, explain why antibiotic E would be the most effective at treating this disease.
..............................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The results in Fig. 4.2 show that this strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic A.
Five years ago, a similar investigation found that the clear area for antibiotic A was the same size as antibiotic B is in Fig. 4.2.
Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
..........................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Describe how to minimise the risk of antibiotic B developing the same results as antibiotic A.
..............................................................................................................................................................

The Arabian oryx and the northern white rhinoceros are both mammals.

Fig. 5.1 is a photograph of an Arabian oryx. Fig. 5.2 is a photograph of a northern white rhinoceros.


Fig. 5.1


Fig. 5.2

(a) Describe two pieces of evidence \textbf{visible} in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2 that show these animals are mammals.

1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Different conservation methods are used to try to prevent species from becoming extinct.

A population of the Arabian oryx and a population of northern white rhinoceros were monitored.

Fig. 5.3 shows how the population size of each species has changed over time.


Fig. 5.3

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of Arabian oryx between 1990 and 2000.
Give your answer to \textbf{three} significant figures.
Space for working.
..............................................................\hspace{1cm}\%
[3]

(ii) Describe the data for the northern white rhinoceros shown in Fig. 5.3.
.........................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Suggest the conservation methods that were used to increase the number of Arabian oryx between 1978 and 2000.
..........................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Explain the risks to the northern white rhinoceros species as a result of its population size.
..........................................................................................................................[3]

(a) Complete Table 6.1 to show the names, functions and sites of action of the three different digestive enzymes.

Table 6.1

| name of enzyme | function | site of action |
|----------------|----------|----------------|
| pepsin | | |
| trypsin | | |
| breaks down maltose to glucose | | |

[3]

(b) Enzymes are proteins.

Fig. 6.1 shows the stages involved in protein synthesis.



(i) State the name of the parts represented by the letters A and C in Fig. 6.1.

A ........................................................................................

C ........................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Describe the events that occur during stage 2 in Fig. 6.1.

............................................................................................

[2]

(iii) State what determines the order in which the parts labelled B are assembled.

............................................................................................

[1]

(c) The shape of a protein is very important for its function.

Explain the importance of shape for the function of an enzyme.

............................................................................................

[3]

[Total: 11]