Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2022 Summer Zone 3

Penicillin is produced by biotechnology industries.

(a)

(i) State the name of the type of pathogen penicillin is used to treat. [1]

(ii) State the name of the group of medicinal drugs that includes penicillin. [1]

(b) Fig. 1.1 is a flow diagram of some of the steps in the production of penicillin.

(i) Organism A belongs to the fungus kingdom.

State two main features of fungal cells that are used to distinguish them from the cells of prokaryotes. [2]

(ii) State the genus name of organism A in Fig. 1.1. [1]

(iii) Penicillin is produced in the fermenter shown in Fig. 1.1. A variety of nutrients, X, Y and Z, are mixed together and added to the fermenter in step 1.

List two nutrients that need to be added to a fermenter to produce penicillin. [2]

(iv) Explain why the nutrients are sterilised (step 2) before they are added to the fermenter (step 3). [1]

(v) Explain why the fermenter has a gas outflow pipe. [2]

(vi) Using the information in Fig. 1.1, outline the events occurring from step 4 to step 8 during the production of penicillin. [4]

Red blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin.

(a) (i) State the names of the four chemical elements that are found in all proteins.

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(ii) State the role of haemoglobin.

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(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of some red blood cells from a person with sickle cell anaemia.

Abnormal red blood cells occur because of a mutation in the gene for haemoglobin.



Suggest how the shape of the abnormal red blood cell shown in Fig. 2.1 will affect blood flow.

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(c) The allele for the normal form of haemoglobin is $\text{Hb}^A$.

The allele for the abnormal form of haemoglobin is $\text{Hb}^S$.

Draw a genetic diagram to determine the probability of two heterozygous parents having a child who does not have the $\text{Hb}^S$ allele.

parental phenotypes .......................... x ................................
parental genotypes ............................ x ................................

gametes
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offspring genotypes ..........................
probability of offspring not having the $\text{Hb}^S$ allele .......................... [5]

(d) Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3 are maps showing some of the different regions in a country. Scientists studied the distribution of the $\text{Hb}^S$ allele in the country.

Fig. 2.2 shows the estimated frequency of the allele within the population.
Fig. 2.3 shows the estimated number of babies born with sickle cell anaemia in each region.




The scientists made a statement:
'There is a relationship between the frequency of the $\text{Hb}^S$ allele and the number of babies born with sickle cell anaemia in regions A, B and C.'

(i) Using the information in Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3, discuss the evidence for and against this statement for regions A, B and C only.

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(ii) Suggest how the scientists would identify the presence of the $\text{Hb}^S$ allele in tissue samples.

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(e) Mutations are always inherited in single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually but are not always inherited in organisms that reproduce sexually.

Explain why.
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Acid rain has destroyed many forests including the forest shown in Fig. 3.1.
[Image_1: Fig. 3.1]

(a) Describe how acid rain destroys forests.
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(b) Explain the negative consequences to the environment of destroying forests.
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(c) Acid rain can also damage aquatic organisms such as the amphibian shown in Fig. 3.2.
[Image_2: Fig. 3.2]

Suggest why amphibians are vulnerable to pollutants such as acid rain.
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(d) Many countries have strict laws to prevent acid rain.
Describe how countries have reduced acid rain.
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(a) Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the alimentary canal.

Complete Table 4.1 by stating:

• the names of the organs from Fig. 4.1

• the letters of all the processes shown in the key that occur in each organ.

Key:
A – absorption
C – chemical digestion
E – egestion
I – ingestion
M – mechanical digestion

(b) Fig. 4.2 is a diagram of a villus. The arrow indicates the direction of blood flow.

Describe the structure of a villus and its role in the alimentary canal. Use the letters in Fig. 4.2 to support your answer. [6]

Glasshouses are designed to maximise crop plant yield.
(a) (i) Explain why carbon dioxide enrichment is used in many glasshouses to increase crop plant yield.
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(ii) Suggest how the carbon dioxide concentration in a glasshouse can be enriched.
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(iii) Outline how carbon dioxide in a glasshouse moves into leaves.
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(b) Additional lighting is often installed in glasshouses in countries with temperate climates.
Table 5.1 summarises some of the factors that are considered by plant growers when choosing the type of lamps to install in a glasshouse.

Table 5.1

| type of lamp | electrical energy used by the lamp / J per s | light intensity output / arbitrary units | notes |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|-------|
| sodium | 1041 | 1767 | • releases lots of heat
| | | | • best when used in addition to sunlight
| LED | 423 | 378 | • releases very little heat
| | | | • can be used as an alternative to sunlight
| metal halide| 651 | 817 | • releases some heat
| | | | • can be used as an alternative to sunlight
| fluorescent | 394 | 374 | • releases some heat
| | | | • best when used in addition to sunlight

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in the energy used by the metal halide lamp compared to the energy used by the fluorescent lamp.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
Space for working.
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(ii) State which type of lamp has the highest light intensity output per unit of electrical energy used.
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(iii) Some types of lamp release a lot of heat.
Explain the possible effects of excessive heat on the plants in a glasshouse.
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(a) Fig. 6.1 shows a photograph of fruit attached to the branch of an orange tree, _Citrus sinensis_.


State one reason why orange trees are classified as dicotyledonous plants.
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(b) Biotechnologists use enzymes to extract juice from fruit such as oranges. Define the term enzyme.
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(c) Fig. 6.2 shows the results of leaving pieces of orange fruit in an enzyme solution for different lengths of time.


(i) State the name of the enzyme used to extract juice from fruit.
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(ii) Using the information in Fig. 6.2, state the optimum length of time for efficient extraction of juice from oranges.
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(iii) State the name of the vitamin found in high concentrations in citrus fruit such as oranges.
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(d) The genes in some plants have been changed to increase the concentration of vitamins that these plants produce.
(i) State the name of the process of changing the genes of a plant.
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(ii) Discuss the possible disadvantages of people changing the genes in a plant.
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