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The three rectangles show the arrangements of the particles in each of the three states of matter.
X, Y and Z represent the processes needed to change from one state to another.
What are the processes X, Y and Z?
[Table_1]
530
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545
Which substance is a pure compound?
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549
The Group I element potassium forms an ionic bond with the Group VII element fluorine.
Which two ions are produced?
595
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539
An isotope of lithium has the symbol $^7_3\text{Li}$.
What is the arrangement of electrons in one atom of this isotope of lithium?
537
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513
Fluorine, $F_2$, is in the same group of the Periodic Table as chlorine, $Cl_2$. Which diagram represents the arrangement of the outer-shell electrons in a molecule of fluorine?
526
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Which use of graphite depends on the layers of carbon atoms being able to slide over each other?
600
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Which equations are balanced?
1. $\text{Fe}_2\text{O}_3 + 3\text{CO} \rightarrow 2\text{Fe} + 3\text{CO}_2$
2. $\text{ZnCO}_3 + 2\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{ZnCl}_2 + \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$
3. $\text{Mg(NO}_3\text{)}_2 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{Mg(OH)}_2 + 2\text{NaNO}_3$
4. $\text{CaCO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 \rightarrow \text{CaSO}_4 + \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{CO}_2$
524
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The equation for the combustion of methane is shown.
$$\text{CH}_4 + 2\text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$$
Which mass of methane produces 36 g of water?
535
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599
What is produced at each electrode during the electrolysis of aqueous solutions using inert electrodes? [Table_1]
587
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581
Which statement about a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell in a car is correct?
505
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594
The reaction pathway diagram for a reaction is shown. Which statements are correct? 1. The reaction is exothermic. 2. The reaction is endothermic. 3. The temperature of the surroundings increases. 4. The temperature of the surroundings decreases.
564
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Which process involves a chemical change?
540
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An experiment is carried out to find the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc. \[ \text{Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) } \rightarrow \text{ ZnCl}_{2}\text{(aq) + H}_2\text{(g)} \] The results of the experiment are shown. What is the label on the \( y \)-axis?
584
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Solid S changes colour from white to blue when water is added. What is S?
573
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Which equation shows the reduction of copper?
505
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582
Which solids react with dilute sulfuric acid to form aqueous magnesium sulfate? 1. magnesium 2. magnesium hydroxide 3. magnesium nitrate 4. magnesium oxide
582
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Which statements about an aqueous acid are correct?
1. Ammonia is formed when solid ammonium nitrate is added to an aqueous acid.
2. Effervescence is seen when sodium carbonate is added to an aqueous acid.
3. Methyl orange becomes yellow when added to an aqueous acid.
4. Red litmus remains red when added to an aqueous acid.
547
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Copper(II) sulfate is formed by reacting excess solid copper(II) carbonate with dilute sulfuric acid.
Which processes are part of the preparation of solid copper(II) sulfate?
1. crystallisation
2. distillation
3. filtration
4. titration
599
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552
Element X forms ions with the formula X^{2-}.
Which row describes element X?
[Table_1]
554
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588
Which compound is likely to be coloured?
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Chlorine, bromine, and iodine are in the same group of the Periodic Table. Which statements about these three elements are correct?
1. Iodine is more reactive than chlorine.
2. They are diatomic covalent molecules.
3. They are all gases at room temperature.
4. Their atoms have seven electrons in their outer shell.
548
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The electronic configurations of four elements, P, Q, R, and S, are shown. [Table_1] Element | Electronic Configuration --- | --- P | 2 Q | 2,2 R | 2,6 S | 2,8 Which elements are unreactive monatomic gases?
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The table shows some physical properties of four different substances. Which row describes the properties of a non-metallic element? [Table_1]
575
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The equation shows the reaction between a halogen and the aqueous ions of another halogen. $$X_2 + 2Y^- \rightarrow 2X^- + Y_2$$ What is $X_2$ and the colour of $Y^-$? [Table_1]
515
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Zinc oxide reacts with carbon to produce zinc. Which equation represents this reaction?
586
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540
Iron nails are stored in an airtight container.
The nails begin to rust after a few days.
How can the rusting of the nails be prevented?
513
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Four substances present in the blast furnace during iron extraction are listed.
1. calcium carbonate
2. carbon dioxide
3. carbon monoxide
4. iron(III) oxide
Which substances are both a reactant and a product during the reactions occurring in the blast furnace?
590
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585
Which test is used to show that a sample of water is pure?
502
579
591
Which mixture of salts produces an NPK fertiliser?
590
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545
What are the \textbf{main} products obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air?
506
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528
In which reaction is the rate of reaction increased by light?
516
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590
The structures of three organic molecules are shown.
Which description of the three molecules is correct?
[Table_1]
573
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557
Petroleum is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
Which row describes a use of the named fraction?
[Table_1]
509
576
567
Which statement about alkanes is correct?
539
593
515
What is the approximate volume of nitrogen in 200 \text{ cm}^3 \text{ of air}?
503
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600
The apparatus used to investigate the rate at which hydrogen gas is given off when a piece of magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid is shown.
Which additional piece of apparatus is needed to determine the rate of reaction?
505
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506
Which diagram shows the displayed formula of ethanol?
572
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Ethane is used as a fuel. Which equation shows the complete combustion of ethane?
502
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The equation for the reaction of aqueous calcium nitrate and aqueous sodium hydroxide is shown. $$ \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2(aq) + 2\text{NaOH}(aq) \rightarrow \text{Ca(OH)}_2(s) + 2\text{NaNO}_3(aq) $$ Which process is used to remove calcium hydroxide from the mixture?
513
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538
The results of two tests on aqueous compound X are given. [Table_1] test | result warm with aluminium foil and aqueous sodium hydroxide | ammonia is produced aqueous sodium hydroxide | brown precipitate What is X?
554
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