No questions found
1. Fig. 1.1 shows a balloon filled with helium gas.
(a) Calculate the weight of the balloon. Show your working. (1 mark)
(b) The resultant force on the balloon is 54 N. Show that the acceleration of the balloon is 0.45 m/s². (2 marks)
(c) The balloon accelerates upwards from rest at 0.45 m/s² for 8.0 s. Calculate the velocity of the balloon after 8.0 s. (2 marks)
(d) Calculate the distance travelled by the balloon in the first 8.0 s. (2 marks)
560
527
502
2. (a) (i) Define pressure. (1 mark)
(ii) Describe how pressure in a liquid varies with its depth and with its density. (2 marks)
variation with depth
variation with density
(b) State two energy resources for which the Sun is not the main source. (2 marks)
(c) State and explain whether each of the following methods of electrical power generation is renewable.
(i) power generation in a nuclear power station (2 marks)
(ii) power generation from waves in the sea (2 marks)
541
590
524
3. (a) (i) State which state of matter, solid, liquid or gas, has the greatest thermal expansion and which has the least. (2 marks)
greatest expansion
least expansion
(ii) Describe, in terms of the motion and arrangement of particles, the structures of solids and gases. (3 marks)
solids
gases
(b) (i) Define specific heat capacity. (2 marks)
(ii) A student carries out an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of a metal. A cylinder of the metal is heated by a 12 W electrical heater. State the readings that the student takes. (3 marks)
530
517
519
4. (a) Fig. 4.1 is an incomplete ray diagram showing an object O, a converging lens and the principal axis. The focal points of the lens are each labelled F.
(i) Complete the ray diagram to draw the image formed by the lens. Label your image I. (3 marks)
(ii) Circle three descriptions in the list which describe the image formed in (i). (3 marks)
diminished enlarged inverted same size real upright virtual
(b) (i) State the name for the defect of vision that can be corrected by a converging lens. (1 mark)
(ii) Describe how a converging lens corrects the defect in (i). You may find it helpful to sketch a ray diagram. (2 marks)
539
530
523
5. (a) Two types of electromagnetic radiation are used in glass optical fibres for high-speed broadband.
(i) State the type of electromagnetic radiation, other than visible light, which is used in glass optical fibres. (1 mark)
(ii) Give two reasons why these two types of electromagnetic radiation are used in glass optical fibres for high-speed broadband. (2 marks)
(b) (i) The critical angle of the glass in an optical fibre is 45°. Calculate the refractive index of the glass. (2 marks)
(ii) Fig. 5.1 shows an optical fibre made of the glass described in (i).
On Fig. 5.1, draw carefully a ray of light in the fibre undergoing total internal reflection. (2 marks)
588
591
563
6. An electric heater uses a resistance wire of resistance 26 Ω. The power dissipated in the resistance wire is 2500 W.
(a) Calculate the current in the resistance wire. (3 marks)
(b) The resistance wire of the heater has a length of 1.2 m and a cross-sectional area of 7.9 × 10⁻⁷ m². A new heater is designed using wire of the same material with length 1.8 m and cross-sectional area 5.8 × 10⁻⁷ m². Calculate the resistance of this wire. (3 marks)
(c) The 2500 W heater is used in a country where electricity costs 0.30 dollars per kilowatt-hour. Calculate the cost of using the heater continuously for two days. (2 marks)
504
559
543
7. The voltage across the primary coil of a 100% efficient transformer is 220 V and the voltage across the secondary coil is 12 V.
(a) The current in the secondary coil is 2.5 A. Calculate the current in the primary coil. (3 marks)
(b) Calculate the ratio of the number of turns on the primary coil to the number of turns on the secondary coil of the transformer. (2 marks)
523
511
544
8. (a) During β-decay, one of the neutrons in the nucleus changes.
(i) State what happens to this neutron. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain how charge is conserved during this change. (2 marks)
(b) Complete the nuclide equation for the α-decay of radon-212 to form an isotope of polonium, symbol Po. (3 marks)
572
531
583
9. Fig. 9.1 shows the Sun as the central dot and the planets Saturn, Jupiter and Earth labelled S0, J0 and E0. The planets orbit the Sun anticlockwise. From the Earth's orbit, the planets appear aligned.
Assume that Saturn takes 30 years to orbit the Sun and that Jupiter takes 12 years to orbit the Sun.
(a) On Fig. 9.1, mark the positions of Saturn and Jupiter 5.0 years after the original positions shown. Label these positions S1 and J1. Show your working. (3 marks)
(b) (i) On Fig. 9.1, mark the positions of Saturn and Jupiter 20 years after the original positions shown in Fig. 9.1. Label these positions S2 and J2. (1 mark)
(ii) State what is observed from the Earth's orbit after 20 years. (1 mark)
(c) (i) Choose two words from the list to describe each planet. (1 mark)
gaseous large rocky small
Jupiter
Earth
(ii) The average density of Jupiter is much less than that of the Earth. The gravitational field strength at the surface of Jupiter is greater than that at the surface of the Earth. Explain how these differences in density and in gravitational field strength are consistent with your answers to (c)(i). (3 marks)
(d) The average density of Jupiter is 1300 kg/m³ and its volume is 1.4 × 10¹⁵ km³. Calculate the mass of Jupiter. (3 marks)
520
589
526
10. (a) Show that 1 light-year = 9.5 × 10¹⁵ m. (4 marks)
(b) (i) State one measurement that is taken when determining the speed v at which a galaxy is moving away from the Earth. (1 mark)
(ii) Write down an equation relating v and the distance d of a far galaxy. (1 mark)
(iii) State how the distance d of a far galaxy can be determined other than by using the equation in (ii). (1 mark)
558
583
543
