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(a) The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.
Answer the following questions using only the symbols of the elements in the diagram.
Each symbol may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State the symbol of the element that:
(i) is a monoatomic gas at room temperature
............................................................... [1]
(ii) is a liquid at room temperature
............................................................... [1]
(iii) forms a stable ion of type $X^{2-}$
............................................................... [1]
(iv) is extracted from hematite
............................................................... [1]
(v) forms an ion whose aqueous solution gives a grey-green precipitate on addition of aqueous ammonia.
............................................................... [1]
(b) Magnesium has several naturally occurring isotopes.
(i) State the meaning of the term isotopes.
............................................................... [2]
(ii) An isotope of magnesium is shown.
$$^{26}_{12}Mg$$
Deduce the number of protons and neutrons in this isotope.
number of protons ................................................ [1]
number of neutrons ................................................ [1]
(c) Complete the electronic structure of a magnesium atom.
[1]
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The table shows the mass of air pollutants, in nanograms, in 1000 $cm^3$ samples of air taken over a four month period.
[Table_1]
(a) Answer these questions using only the information in the table.
(i) Name the pollutant that shows a decrease in concentration between April and July.
................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Name the pollutant present in the lowest concentration in May.
................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide in 250 $cm^3$ of the sample of air taken in April.
.................................. nanograms [1]
(b) Oxides of nitrogen are produced when oxygen combines with nitrogen during thunderstorms.
(i) State one other source of oxides of nitrogen in the air.
................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Give one adverse effect of oxides of nitrogen on health.
................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide.
........ + $2O_2 \rightarrow$ ......$NO_2$ [2]
(c) Particulates are tiny solid particles in the air.
The movement of these particles is shown by the arrows in the diagram.
State the name given to this random motion of particles.
................................................................................................................................. [1]
518
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Some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D, are shown in the table.
[Table_1]
Answer these questions using only the information in the table.
(a) State which substance, A, B, C or D, is best used in the core of an overhead electricity cable.
Explain your answer.
substance ....................................................................................................
explanation ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) State which substance, A, B, C or D, is best used for the tip of a drill.
Explain your answer.
substance ....................................................................................................
explanation ....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
[3]
563
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588
The structure of tartaric acid is shown.
(a) (i) On the structure, draw a circle around \textbf{one} alcohol functional group. [1]
(ii) Deduce the formula of tartaric acid to show the number of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
................................................................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Complete the table to calculate the relative molecular mass of tartaric acid. Use your Periodic Table to help you.
| type of atom | number of atoms | relative atomic mass | |
|---|---|---|---|
| carbon | 6 | 12 | |
| hydrogen | 6 | 1 | 6 \times 1 = 6 |
| oxygen | 16 |
relative molecular mass = ....................................................... [2]
(b) Acids react with bases such as calcium hydroxide.
(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of nitric acid with calcium hydroxide.
| nitric acid | + | calcium hydroxide | \rightarrow | ................................ | + | ............................... [2] |
(ii) An aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is alkaline. Identify which \textbf{one} of these pH values represents the pH of an alkaline solution. Draw a circle around the correct answer.
pH 1 pH 4 pH 7 pH 10 [1]
(iii) One way of determining pH is to use a pH meter. Describe one other way of determining pH.
...................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) Farmers spread calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) on fields where crops are grown. Explain why.
..................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition.
$$\text{CaCO}_{3} \rightarrow \text{CaO} + \text{CO}_{2}$$
(i) State the meaning of the term \textit{thermal decomposition}.
...........................................................................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Complete the energy level diagram for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate by writing these words on the diagram:
\bullet reactant
\bullet products.
[1]
(iii) Explain, using information on the energy level diagram, how you know that this reaction is endothermic.
........................................................................................................................................................................................[1]
512
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(a) Draw the structure of ethene to show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
(b) Ethene reacts with aqueous bromine.
State the colour change observed when ethene reacts with aqueous bromine.
from .................................................. to ...........................................................
(c) Ethene reacts with steam.
(i) Name and give the formula of the product of this reaction.
name .................................................................................................................................
formula ..............................................................................................................................
(ii) Identify the type of chemical reaction that occurs when ethene reacts with steam.
Draw a circle around the correct answer.
addition fermentation polymerisation neutralisation
(d) Alkenes are produced by cracking hydrocarbons.
Complete the chemical equation for the cracking of the hydrocarbon, $C_{16}H_{34}$, to produce an alkene and one other product.
$C_{16}H_{34} → C_{6}H_{12} +$ ..........................
(e) Poly(ethene) is produced by combining many ethene molecules.
(i) Name the general term used to describe the small molecules which combine to form a polymer.
............................................................
(ii) Nylon is a polymer.
State one use for nylon.
...................................................................
(iii) Describe one pollution problem caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
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Electrolysis is used to extract metals from metal compounds.
(a) Describe the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide.
In your answer include:
• a labelled diagram of the apparatus used
• the names of the products formed at the positive and the negative electrodes.
positive electrode ..........................................................................................
negative electrode ..........................................................................................
[5]
(b) Use the kinetic particle model to describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in molten (liquid) lead.
arrangement ..........................................................................................
motion ..........................................................................................
[2]
(c) Lead is a metal which is soft and has a relatively low melting point.
State two other physical properties of metals such as lead.
1 ..........................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................
[2]
(d) Lead is formed when red lead oxide, $Pb_3O_4$, is heated with carbon.
$Pb_3O_4 + 4C \rightarrow 3Pb + 4CO$
Explain how this equation shows that $Pb_3O_4$ has been reduced.
..........................................................................................
[1]
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Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.
(a) Name the type of metals often used as catalysts.
.............................................................. [1]
(b) A student investigated the reaction of zinc powder with excess dilute hydrochloric acid in the absence of a catalyst.
Zn + 2HCl \rightarrow ZnCl_2 + H_2
The student measured the volume of hydrogen gas produced at 10 second intervals. The graph shows the results.
Answer these questions using information from the graph.
(i) Deduce the volume of hydrogen produced in the first 25 seconds of the experiment.
volume = ............................... cm3 [1]
(ii) Explain why no more hydrogen is produced after 50 seconds.
.............................................................. [1]
(iii) The experiment is repeated using a catalyst.
Draw a line on the grid to show how the volume of hydrogen changes with time when a catalyst is used.
All other conditions stay the same.
[2]
(iv) Describe what effect the following changes have on the rate of the reaction.
- The concentration of hydrochloric acid is decreased.
All other conditions stay the same.
.............................................................. - Large pieces of zinc are used.
All other conditions stay the same.
..............................................................
(c) (i) Describe a test for hydrogen.
test ..............................................................
result .............................................................. [2]
(ii) State one use of hydrogen.
.............................................................. [1]
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This question is about metals and compounds of metals.
(a) Identify two correct statements about transition elements.
Tick two boxes.
[ ] All transition elements are metals which are brown in colour.
[ ] Transition elements have high densities.
[ ] Compounds of transition elements are white in colour.
[ ] Transition elements have high melting points.
[ ] Transition elements are found between Groups IV and V of the Periodic Table.
(b) The table compares the ease of reduction of some metal oxides with carbon.
[Table_1]
Put the four metals in order of their reactivity.
Put the least reactive metal first.
least reactive _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ most reactive
(c) Crystals of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO$_4$·5H$_2$O, can be prepared by heating excess copper(II) oxide powder with dilute sulfuric acid.
(i) Describe how to prepare a sample of pure dry copper(II) sulfate crystals after the reaction is complete.
In your answer describe how to:
- remove the excess copper(II) oxide from the reaction mixture
- crystallise the copper(II) sulfate
- dry the crystals.
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(ii) Identify the word that best describes copper(II) sulfate.
Draw a circle around the correct answer.
acid halogen polymer salt
(d) A few drops of water are added to a sample of solid anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO$_4$.
(i) The reaction is reversible.
CuSO$_4$ + 5H$_2$O ☐ CuSO$_4$·5H$_2$O
Draw in the box, the sign for a reversible reaction.
(ii) State the colour change observed when water is added to anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.
from .......................................................... to ..........................................................
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