Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Core Paper 3 2019 Winter Zone 1

Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a molecule of fat.

(a) (i) List the chemical elements present in fat. [1]

(ii) State the smaller units that fats are made from. [2]

(b) Fats are an important part of a balanced diet.

State the name of three other components of a balanced diet.  [3]

(c) Marmots and lynx are mammals that can live in a variety of environments. The percentage of fat in the bodies of these two species was measured. Measurements were taken from marmots and lynx living in Alaska and in Virginia. Alaska is a cold environment and Virginia is a warm environment. The results are shown in Table 1.1.

(i) Complete Table 1.1 by calculating the difference in the percentage of fat in the body for the lynx. Write your answer in Table 1.1. [1]

(ii) Describe the results shown in Table 1.1.  [2]

(iii) Explain the difference in the percentage of fat in the body between the mammals living in Alaska and Virginia. [2]

(a) Complete the definition of the term adaptive feature by filling in the gaps with the correct words.
An adaptive feature is an ............................................. feature that helps an organism to ............................................. and reproduce in its ............................................. . [3]

(b) The flagellum is one of the adaptive features of a sperm.
A sample of sperm was taken and the length of each flagellum was recorded.
Fig. 2.1 shows a graph of the results.


(i) State the most frequent range for flagellum length.
.......................................................................................................... µm [1]

(ii) State the frequency of sperm with flagellum length between 4.8 µm to 4.9 µm.
.......................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the type of variation shown by flagellum length.
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(c) Some scientists have suggested that the longer the flagellum the more likely the sperm is to fertilise the egg cell.
Suggest a reason why.
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(d) State the name of the organ that produces sperm.
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(a) A student investigated the conditions required for germination.
Seeds were placed on cotton wool in Petri dishes and exposed to different conditions.
The conditions used are shown in Table 3.1.
[Table_3.1]

Table 3.1

(a) Fig. 4.1 is a graph showing the changes to the thickness of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle.
(i) Describe the changes to the thickness of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle as shown in Fig. 4.1.
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[3]
(ii) State the days, shown on Fig. 4.1, on which the lining of the uterus is broken down and lost.
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[1]
(iii) Draw an X on Fig. 4.1 to show when ovulation occurs.
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[1]

(b) The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones.
(i) Complete the sentence to define the term hormone.
A .......................................... substance produced by a .......................................... ,
carried by the .......................................... , which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.
[3]
(ii) Adrenaline is a hormone involved in ‘fight or flight’ situations.
Describe two effects of adrenaline on the body.
1 .............................................................................................................................................................
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2 .............................................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(iii) State the name of the organ that produces adrenaline.
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[1]

(a) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration both release energy. Describe the other similarities and differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in muscles. ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................. [4]
(b) Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show two uses of the energy released by respiration in humans.
[Table: Place for ticks in boxes next to active transport, diffusion, osmosis, protein synthesis, transpiration] [2]

(c) Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces alcohol. The boxes on the right show some sentence endings. Draw lines from the word alcohol to make three correct sentences.
[Image: Alcohol linked to options abuse decreases instances of crime, can be addictive, causes lung cancer, increases levels of self-control, increases reaction times, is a depressant.] [3]

(d) State the name of an organ damaged by long-term alcohol abuse. ............................................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(a) (i) State the names of three structures that are found in a mammalian heart.
1 ..................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Describe how the structure of a vein differs from the structure of an artery.
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(iii) State the function of arteries in the human circulatory system.
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(b) Fig. 6.1 is a photomicrograph of blood.


Fig. 6.1

(i) Label one red blood cell on Fig. 6.1 with a label line and the letter X. [1]

(ii) State the name of one other type of blood cell in Fig. 6.1.
.......................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State the names of two other components of blood.
1 ..................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease of the circulatory system.

(i) State three risk factors for developing CHD.
1 ..................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................... [3]

(ii) State the name of the blood vessel that becomes blocked in CHD.
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Fig. 7.1 is a photograph of a large-scale monoculture of soybeans which are a crop plant.

(a) Describe the disadvantages of large-scale monocultures.
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(b) Some crop plants have been selectively bred to be drought resistant.
The sentences show stages in the process of selective breeding.
They are not in the correct order.
1 A farmer identifies crop plants that survive in drought conditions.
2 Offspring that survive drought conditions are selected and bred again.
3 The drought resistant plants are bred together and seeds collected.
4 The farmer repeats the process over many generations.
5 The seeds are germinated and grown in drought conditions.
Write the statement numbers in the boxes to show the correct order of the stages in selective breeding.
.............................................................................. [3]

(a) The government of a country introduced a law called the Endangered Species Act. It was hoped that the Act would help to conserve species that were at risk from extinction.

Table 8.1 shows the numbers of birds from different species before and after the Act was introduced.

[Table_1]

(i) State which species was the most at risk from extinction in Table 8.1.
................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in the number of Kirtland’s warblers. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
......................................................... % [3]

(b) (i) List three reasons why species become endangered or extinct.
1 ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................
2 ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. .................................................................
3 ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. [3]

(ii) Describe one method of conserving endangered plant species.
................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. ................................................................. [1]

Sewage contains water and other substances.
Sewage should be treated before it goes into a river.
(a) Describe two reasons why sewage should be treated before it goes into a river.
1 ..............................................................................................................................
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2 ..............................................................................................................................
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(b) Treatment of sewage has several stages.
One of the stages is filtration.
State the name of one other stage in the treatment of sewage.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 9.1 shows a trickling filter in a sewage treatment plant.

The untreated sewage trickles through gravel. There are organisms on the surface of the
gravel.
(i) State the name of the type of organism on the surface of the gravel.
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(ii) Describe the function of these organisms.
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