Cambridge IGCSE Biology - 0610 - Supplement Paper 4 2019 Winter Zone 1

All living organisms are placed into groups according to their features. Myriapods are one of the main groups of arthropods.

(a) State two features of myriapods that can be used to distinguish them from other arthropods. [2]

Fig. 1.1 shows that there are four main groups of arthropods.

(b) State the names of two of the other groups of arthropods in Fig. 1.1. [2]

(c) Myriapods can be classified into four classes, 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Fig. 1.2 is a dichotomous key that can be used to distinguish the four classes of myriapods.

Complete Table 1.1 by using the key in Fig. 1.2 to classify the six myriapods in Fig. 1.3 into the four classes. [3]

(d) Fig. 1.4 is a photograph of the myriapod, Apheloria virginiensis.

(i) State the genus name and kingdom name for the myriapod shown in Fig. 1.4. [2]

(ii) A. virginiensis releases the poison cyanide when it is attacked by predators. Cyanide stops enzymes in the mitochondria from functioning. Suggest why cells die if the mitochondria do not function. [1]

(a) Describe the uses of carbohydrates \textbf{and} amino acids in plants.
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(b) Fig. 2.1 shows a diagram of a plant. The arrows point to circles containing magnified cross-sections of those parts of the plant.

Label the position of the phloem in each of the three magnified sections in Fig. 2.1.
Use a label line and the letter \textbf{P} for each section.

(c) Aphids are used by investigators to discover how plants transport sucrose.
Fig. 2.2 shows an aphid with its mouthparts inserted into a plant stem to feed on the liquid in the phloem.

A plant was put in a dark cupboard for several days.
Four aphids, \textbf{A, B, C} and \textbf{D}, were then placed on the plant in the dark cupboard as shown in Fig. 2.3.

(i) Immediately after the aphids were placed on the plant it was observed that:
• all the aphids ingested the same volume of liquid from the phloem
• aphid \textbf{D} ingested the highest concentration of sucrose.
Explain why aphid \textbf{D} ingested the highest concentration of sucrose.
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(ii) Many crop farmers try to prevent insects such as aphids from damaging their plants.
Describe how modern technology is used to reduce damage to crop plants by insects.
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(iii) Other insects are useful to crop farmers.
Give \textbf{one} example of how insects are useful to farmers.
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Kidneys are important for excretion.

(a) Explain the purpose of excretion. [2]

(b) Sketch a simple diagram of a human kidney and its ureter.

Label the cortex, medulla and ureter on your diagram. [2]

(c) Fig. 3.1 is a photomicrograph of a glomerulus in a kidney.

(i) Describe the structure of a glomerulus.

You may refer to Fig. 3.1 in your answer. [2]

(ii) Describe the role of the glomerulus. [2]

(d) Table 3.1 shows some comparisons between a human and a mouse.

(i) Table 3.1 shows that salts are reabsorbed in the kidneys of both humans and mice.

Describe how salts are reabsorbed against a concentration gradient. [4]

(ii) Scientists stated a hypothesis:

"humans and mice reabsorb salt at almost the same rate in relation to the size of their kidneys"

Determine whether the data in Table 3.1 supports this hypothesis.

Show your working.

 [4]

(iii) Table 3.1 also shows that water is reabsorbed in the kidneys of both humans and mice.

State the name of the process that mammals use to reabsorb water. [1]

(iv) Water and salt are reabsorbed in the kidneys.

State the name of one other molecule that is also reabsorbed in kidney tubules. [1]

(a) The body has defence mechanisms to protect it from infection. Outline the body's defence mechanisms. [5]

(b) State the name of a type of drug that can be used to treat bacterial infections. [1]

(a) The arrow on Fig. 5.1 shows the position of a blockage in a blood vessel.

(i) State the name of the blocked blood vessel.

(ii) The blockage is caused by a blood clot. Describe how a blood clot forms.

(iii) State the name of a drug that can be used to treat coronary heart disease.

(b) Many health specialists think that the risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by doing regular exercise.

A long-term study of a large group of women was used to test this hypothesis. 

The women were between 35 and 45 years old at the start of the study. 

Every two years the same group of women were asked how much they were exercising. 

After 28 years the researchers analysed their data: 

• They calculated the average time spent exercising per week by each woman. 

• They put the women into categories determined by how much exercise they had done. 

• For each category, they calculated the number of women who died from coronary heart disease (CHD). 

The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.  

(i) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of CHD deaths per 10 000 women between those who did no exercise and those who exercised for 4.1 to 10.0 hours a week, using the data in Fig. 5.2. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

(ii) Health professionals wanted to use the results of this study to encourage the whole population to take more exercise. 

Discuss the arguments for and against health professionals using the study in this way. 

Use the information about how the study was designed and the results in Fig. 5.2 in your arguments.

(c) Exercise causes heart rate to increase.

Explain why exercise causes an increase in heart rate. 

Fish are an important part of a balanced diet for many people.

(a) Fish are a good source of vitamin D.

State one effect of a diet that is deficient in vitamin D.
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(b) Many fish stocks have declined.

Marine ecologists considered the three topics shown in Fig. 6.1 when they discussed the decline of fish stocks.



Describe the key points for each of the three topics shown in Fig. 6.1.
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(a) (i) State two ways that nitrogen fixation can occur.
1 ........................................
2 ........................................ [2]
(ii) State the names of processes A and B in Fig. 7.1.
process A ..............................
process B .............................. [2]
(iii) State the name of compound X in Fig. 7.1.
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(iv) Define the term deamination.
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(b) State the name of the structure in a cell where protein synthesis occurs.
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(c) State the name of an enzyme that digests proteins.
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