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Which statement explains why ammonia gas, $\text{NH}_3$, diffuses at a faster rate than hydrogen chloride gas, $\text{HCl}$?
513
573
576
2.00 g of powdered calcium carbonate is added to 50.0 cm$^3$ of hydrochloric acid.
Which apparatus is used to measure the calcium carbonate and the hydrochloric acid? [Table_1]
594
534
558
The measurements from a chromatography experiment using substance F are shown. The diagram is not drawn to scale.
What is the $R_f$ value of F?
505
506
515
Which statement about an atom of fluorine, $^{19}_{9}\text{F}$, is correct?
578
587
518
Which row describes the formation of single covalent bonds in methane?
566
562
517
Which statement describes the structure of an ionic compound?
587
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588
Propane burns in oxygen.
$\text{C}_3\text{H}_8 + x\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 3\text{CO}_2 + y\text{H}_2\text{O}$
Which values of $x$ and $y$ balance the equation?
[Table_1]
594
578
539
A tablet contains 0.080g of ascorbic acid ($M_r = 176$).
What is the concentration of ascorbic acid when one tablet is dissolved in 200 cm$^3$ of water?
507
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538
Which statement about the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution using carbon electrodes is correct?
570
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521
Aluminium metal is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
Which ionic half-equation describes a reaction that occurs at the named electrode?
[Table_1]
513
576
525
Which statement about the hydrogen fuel cell is not correct?
546
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559
Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
$N_2 + 3H_2 \rightarrow 2NH_3$
The reaction is exothermic. The bond energies are shown in the table.
[Table_1]
What is the energy change for this reaction?
511
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531
Which change in reaction conditions increases both the collision rate and the proportion of molecules with sufficient energy to react?
599
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509
When blue-green crystals of nickel(II) sulfate are heated, water is produced and a yellow solid remains. When water is added to the yellow solid, the blue-green colour returns.
Which process describes these changes?
501
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549
The graph shows how the yield of product in a reversible reaction changes as the temperature and pressure are changed.
All reactants and products are gases.
Which row is correct for this reversible reaction?
[Table_1]
573
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597
Which changes represent oxidation?
1. $2I^- \rightarrow I_2 + 2e^-$
2. $Cr(VI) \rightarrow Cr(III)$
3. $Fe(II) \rightarrow Fe(III)$
513
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583
Nitrogen(I) oxide, $N_2O$, nitrogen(II) oxide, $NO$, and carbon monoxide, $CO$, are all non-metal oxides.
They do not react with acids or bases.
Which statement is correct?
584
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550
The positions of elements W, X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table are shown.
Which elements form basic oxides?
598
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541
Ethanol acid is a weak acid.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Which statements are correct?
1. Ethanoic acid molecules are partially dissociated into ions.
2. $1.0 \, \text{mol/dm}^3$ ethanoic acid has a higher pH than $1.0 \, \text{mol/dm}^3$ hydrochloric acid.
3. Ethanoic acid is always more dilute than hydrochloric acid.
4. Ethanoic acid is a proton acceptor.
558
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The properties of an element are shown.
[Table_1]
Which element has these properties?
515
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598
Which statement about elements in Group I and Group VII of the Periodic Table is correct?
563
571
532
Which statement about elements in Group VIII of the Periodic Table is correct?
580
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551
The diagrams show the structure of two substances used to make electrical conductors.
Which statement correctly describes X and Y?
551
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501
Three metal compounds, P, Q and R, are heated using a Bunsen burner. The results are shown.
P colourless gas produced, which relights a glowing splint
Q colourless gas produced, which turns limewater milky
R no reaction
Which row shows the identity of P, Q and R?
[Table_1]
550
580
528
Zinc is extracted from its ore, zinc blende, using two chemical reactions.
1\) \(2\text{ZnS} + 3\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{ZnO} + 2\text{SO}_2\)
2\) \(2\text{ZnO} + \text{C} \rightarrow 2\text{Zn} + \text{CO}_2\)
Which substance is reduced in reactions 1 and 2?[Table_1]
546
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551
Four metals, zinc, M, copper and magnesium, are reacted with aqueous solutions of their nitrates.
The results are shown.
[Table_1]
What is the order of reactivity of these four metals starting with the most reactive?
589
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574
Why is aluminium used to make containers for storing food?
527
567
560
Water can be treated by filtration then chlorination.
Which uses do not need water of this quality?
1. water for cooling in industry
2. water for washing clothes
3. water for drinking
534
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Oxides of nitrogen are formed in car engines and are a source of air pollution.
To decrease this pollution, catalytic converters are fitted to car exhausts.
What happens to the oxides of nitrogen in the catalytic converter?
578
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521
The diagram shows an experiment to investigate how paint affects the rusting of iron. What happens to the water level in tubes P and Q?
589
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582
Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process.
$\text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{NH}_3(g)$
The forward reaction is exothermic.
Which conditions maximise the yield of ammonia?
[Table_1]
600
563
588
The carbon cycle is shown.
[Image_1: Diagram of the carbon cycle with processes X, Y, and Z labeled. The processes involved are atmospheric carbon dioxide, green plants, dead organic matter, animals, respiration, decomposition, death and excretion.]
Which row describes processes X, Y and Z?
533
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Which row shows the conditions used in the Contact process?
[Table_1]
579
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535
The diagram represents a lime kiln used to heat limestone to a very high temperature.
What leaves the kiln at X?
547
547
551
Why is ethanol a member of the homologous series of alcohols but propane is not?
598
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Chlorine reacts with methane.
Which statements are correct?
1. The reaction takes place in the dark.
2. The reaction of chlorine with methane forms chloromethane.
3. Chloromethane reacts with chlorine to produce dichloromethane.
4. The reaction of chlorine with methane is an addition reaction.
592
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559
Which statements about aqueous ethanoic acid are correct?
1 Ethanoic acid contains the functional group –COOH.
2 Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates to produce hydrogen.
3 Ethanoic acid turns Universal Indicator paper blue.
4 Ethanoic acid has a pH lower than pH 7.
570
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501
The structure of an ester is shown.
What is the name of the ester?
535
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527
The structure of a polymer is shown.
Which type of polymer is shown and by which process is it formed?
[Table_1]
515
589
522
