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(a) (i) Egg cells have adaptive features linked to their structure.
Draw two lines from the phrase ‘An egg cell’ to two boxes on the right to complete two correct sentences.
[Image_1: An egg cell | has a jelly coating. | has chloroplasts. | has cilia. | has energy stores. | is very thin.]
(a) (ii) Fig. 1.1 is an incomplete drawing of a sperm cell.
Complete the drawing and label the main features of the sperm cell.
[Image_2: Fig. 1.1]
(b) (i) Egg cells and sperm cells each contain these structures:
chromosome gene nucleus
List the three structures in order of size starting with the largest.
................................................. largest
.........................................................
................................................. smallest
(b) (ii) Egg cells and sperm cells contain genetic material.
State the name of the molecule that genetic material is made from.
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(c) Egg cells and sperm cells are specialised cells.
State the name of the specialised cell that is responsible for each of these functions:
conduction and support in plants ....................................................
movement of mucus in the trachea ....................................................
photosynthesis ....................................................
transport of oxygen in mammals ....................................................
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Nervous coordination uses specialised cells called neurones.
Fig. 2.1 is a diagram showing three neurones.
(a) State the name of the type of neurone labelled $U$.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The list of words and phrases can be used to describe nervous control.
chemical signal effector electrical signal receptor reflex stimulus synapse
(i) State the word or phrase from the list that describes a junction between two neurones.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the word or phrase from the list that describes a nerve impulse.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Place ticks (✓) in the boxes that describe the human nervous system.
includes the brain and spinal cord [ ]
is made up of the brain, heart and spinal cord [ ]
consists of the central nervous system only [ ]
consists of the central and peripheral nervous system [ ]
coordinated by hormones [ ]
coordinates and regulates body functions [ ] [3]
(d) Some neurones are wrapped in a layer of fat and protein.
List four chemical elements that are found in all proteins.
1 ................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
4 ................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Proteins are large molecules.
The boxes on the left show the names of some large molecules.
The boxes on the right show the smaller molecules they are made from.
Draw four lines to match the large molecule with the smaller molecule it is made from.
large molecule | smaller molecule
cellulose | amino acids
fat | fatty acids and glycerol
glycogen and starch | glucose
protein [4]
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(a) Plant and animal cells contain many cell structures with important functions. Complete the sentences using the words or phrases from the list. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all.
chloroplast cytoplasm membrane microscope
nucleus protein synthesis photosynthesis
respiration test-tube vacuole wall
Cells are very small. To magnify cells a piece of laboratory equipment called a .................................................. is used.
All cells have a cell .................................................. that controls what goes into and out of the cell. The structure that contains the genetic information and controls all of a cell’s activities is called the .................................................. .
In a plant cell, the cell .................................................. maintains the cell shape and the .................................................. is full of a solution of sugars, called cell sap.
Plant cells carry out the process of .................................................. to release energy.
(b) Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division.
(i) Table 3.1 shows some features of mitosis and meiosis. Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show which features occur in which type of nuclear division.
[Table 3.1]
feature | mitosis | meiosis |
produces gametes | | |
produces genetically different cells | | |
produces genetically identical cells | | |
produces new cells during growth and repair to damaged tissues | | |
replaces cells | | |
used in asexual reproduction | | |
[4 marks]
(ii) A human body cell has 46 chromosomes including a pair of sex chromosomes.
There are two types of sex chromosome, $X$ and $Y$, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
[Image_1: Figure 3.1]
Complete Table 3.2 to show the correct letters of the sex chromosomes in a female and a male.
[Table 3.2]
sex | chromosomes |
female | |
male | |
[2 marks]
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(a) Define the term variation.
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(b) Hand span is the maximum distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the fifth finger as shown in Fig. 4.1.
Scientists investigated variation in the hand spans of adults.
[Image_1: Fig. 4.1]
The results are shown in Fig. 4.2.
[Image_2: Fig. 4.2]
(i) State the frequency of adults with a hand span of 19.0–19.9 cm in Fig. 4.2.
............................................................... [1]
(ii) State which hand span range is the most frequent.
............................................................... cm [1]
(c) There are different types of variation.
State the type of variation shown in Fig. 4.2 and describe the evidence for your choice.
type of variation .......................................................................................................................................................
evidence ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(a) Puberty leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
It is controlled by hormones released from endocrine glands.
Fig. 5.1 is a diagram of part of the human endocrine system.
(i) One of the structures shown on Fig. 5.1 produces a hormone that controls puberty in boys.
Label this structure with a label line. Include the name of the structure in your label. [2]
(ii) State the name of the hormone that leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls.
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The list shows some secondary sexual characteristics that develop in puberty in humans.
breasts grow growth of pubic hair growth of underarm hair menstruation begins pelvis widens
Complete Table 5.1 to show which characteristics develop in girls only and which develop in both boys and girls.
[Table_1]
Table 5.1
girls only both boys and girls
[3]
(b) State two effects on the body of the hormone adrenaline.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
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Muscle cells can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
(a) (i) Define the term anaerobic respiration.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the product of anaerobic respiration in a human muscle cell during vigorous exercise.
................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State two ways that anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell differs from that of a muscle cell.
1 ............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows an athlete taking part in a long distance race.
Table 6.1 shows the energy released in muscle cells from 180 g of glucose.
[Table_1]
(i) Calculate the ratio of energy released using the information in Table 6.1:
$\text{ratio of energy released} = \frac{\text{energy released in aerobic respiration}}{\text{energy released in anaerobic respiration}}$
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
ratio .......................................................... : 1 [2]
(ii) Suggest why it is beneficial for the long distance athlete to respire aerobically, rather than anaerobically.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
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................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(c) A student went for a short run to investigate the effect of physical activity on his pulse rate.
The resting pulse rate for the student was 60 beats per minute and during exercise his pulse rate increased to 144 beats per minute.
Calculate the percentage increase in pulse rate.
...............................................................................% [2]
(d) A student wrote a sentence about the circulatory system:
"The circulatory system is a system of alveoli with a pump and valves to ensure two-way flow of blood."
Identify two incorrect words or phrases in the sentence.
1 ................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................ [2]
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A gardener investigated plant growth.
She used a tray of tomato seedlings. The tomato seedlings were all approximately 3 cm tall.
She placed the tray in a box with a source of light at the side.
Fig. 7.1 shows the apparatus.
(a) After 48 hours the gardener observed that the tomato seedlings had curved stems.
She rotated the tray so that the curved tomato seedlings were facing away from the source of light as shown in Fig. 7.2.
(i) Predict what will happen to the tomato seedlings in Fig. 7.2.
.................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the name of the response to light shown by the tomato seedlings.
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(iii) Explain why the tomato seedlings need light.
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(iv) Describe how the \textbf{roots} of the tomato seedlings would respond to light.
.................................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The gardener grew the tomato seedlings from tomato seeds.
State \underline{three} conditions that are required for the germination of seeds.
1 ...............................................................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The cells of tomato seedlings that are regularly watered remain firm and well-supported.
State how water supports plant cells.
.................................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................. [2]
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(a) The eye is a sense organ that contains receptor cells that respond to light.
Fig. 8.1 is a diagram of the human eye.
Complete Table 8.1 using the information in Fig. 8.1.
[Table_1]
(b) Fig. 8.2 is a photograph of a human eye.
The person has been in a dark room.
Explain the response of the pupil if the light is now switched on.
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